Surgical resection is still the standard treatment for early-stage lung cancer. A multimodal treatment consisting of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy is advised for more advanced disease stages (stages IIb, III and IV). The role of surgery in these stages is limited to very specific indications. Regional treatment techniques are being introduced at a high speed because of improved technology and their possible advantages over traditional surgery. This review includes an overview of established and promising innovative invasive loco-regional techniques stratified based on the route of administration, including endobronchial, endovascular and transthoracic routes, a discussion of the results for each method, and an overview of their implementation and effectiveness.

Currently, lung transplantation outcome remains inferior compared to other solid organ transplantations. A major cause for limited survival after lung transplantation is chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Numerous animal models have been developed to investigate CLAD in order to discover adequate treatments. The murine orthotopic lung transplant model has been further optimized over the last years. However, different degrees of genetic mismatch between donor and recipient mice have been used, applying a single, minor, moderate and major genetic mismatch. This review aims to reassess the existing murine mismatch models and to provide a comprehensive overview, with a specific focus on their eventual histopathologic presentation. This will be crucial to leverage this model and to tailor it according to specific research needs.