The aim of this study was to investigate the energy system contributions to different repeated sprint protocols and also to determine sex-related differences in these contributions. Sixteen men and fourteen women team sport athletes randomly performed two cycling repeated sprint protocols with the same total duration (10 x 6 s and 6 x 10 s). Relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP), performance decrement (PD), oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (LA), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured. The contributions of energy systems were calculated from oxygen consumption and lactate values during rest, exercise and recovery phases based on mathematical methods. Findings indicate that men had higher RPP and RMP. RPP did not differ according to protocols, while RMP was higher in the 10 x 6 s protocol. The sex effect in PD was similar; however, it was higher in the 6 x 10 s protocol. The effects of protocols on the maximum HR and LA were similar; however, the 6 x 10 s protocol resulted in higher RPEs. In both protocols women had higher ATP-PCr and men had higher glycolytic system contribution with similar oxidative system contribution. In addition, the 10 x 6 s protocol had higher ATP-PCr system contribution and the 6 x 10 s protocol had higher glycolytic system and oxidative system contributions. In conclusion, the contribution of energy systems, physiological and performance variables showed variations according to sex and different protocols.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada puberte öncesi futbolculara uygulanan sürat, çeviklik ve çabukluk antrenmanlarının etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya kontrol grubunda 19 erkek futbolcu (yaş: X=11,52±0,5 yıl, boy: X=152,74±12,34 cm, kilo: X=46,04±14,69 kg) ve antrenman grubunda 21 erkek futbolcu (yaş: X=11,38±0,49 yıl, boy: X=149,05±5,22 cm, kilo: X=40,02±8,53 kg) olmak üzeri toplam 40 futbolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada katılımcıların sürat, çeviklik,çabukluk ve yön değiştirme performansları; 5-20 metre sürat, seaktif çeviklik testi (RÇT), hexagon testi (HÇT), illinois testi (IT) ve Modifiye Illinois (MODIT) testi ile belirlenmiştir. Sporculara 8 hafta boyunca sürat, çeviklik, çabukluk (SÇÇ) antrenmanı yaptırılmış 8 haftanın sonunda son ölçümler alınmıştır. Kontrol ve antrenman grubunun performans değişkenleri tekrarlı ölçümlerde iki yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Kontrol ve antrenman grubunun tanımlayıcı istatistiklerinin benzerdir(p>0,05). 0-5m grup ve antrenman ana etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p0,05). 0-20 m grup farkı ve grup x antrenman etkileşimi benzer bulunup (p>0,05), antrenman ana etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p0,05). MODIT grup farkı, antrenman ana etkisi ve grup x antrenman etkileşimi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p0,05). RÇT sol, tüm sonuçlar benzer bulunmuştur (p>0,05). Illinois, grup, antrenman ana etkisi ve grup x antrenman etkileşimi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). RÇT sağ, antrenman ana etkisi ve grup x antrenman etkileşimi anlamlı bulunup (p0,05). RÇT sol, tüm sonuçlar benzer bulunmuştur (p>0,05). Illinois, grup, antrenman ana etkisi ve grup x antrenman etkileşimi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sonuç: 8 haftalık bir SÇÇ antrenman programının, futbol antrenmanına kıyasla, puberte öncesi futbolcularda, Illinois, Modifiye Illinois ve Reaktif Çeviklik Sağ performanslarını geliştirdiğini göstermiştir.

Background: Repeated sprint ability (RSA) is defined as the ability to recover and maintain maximal effort during repeated sprints, recognised as a crucial performance component in team sports. The exercise mode used to test RSA may influence performance and the contributions of different energy systems. The primary aim of this study is to address the critical gap between traditional cycling-based anaerobic tests, such as the Wingate test, and the practical, sport-specific demands of running in field-based team sports. Methods: This study involved 32 professional soccer players (age: 21.2 ± 1.3 years; height: 177.8 ± 4.3 cm; and mass: 71.3 ± 6.4 kg). They performed cycling- and running-based repeated sprint tests, with similar total sprint numbers, durations, and recovery times, on different days. Contributions from adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr), glycolytic, and oxidative systems were estimated through body weight, oxygen uptake (VO₂), blood lactate (BLa), and the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The VO₂ levels and heart rate (HR) were monitored during the rest (10 min), exercise, and recovery (15 min) phases in a breath-by-breath mode using a portable gas exchange system. BLa was measured before (at rest) and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min after the running and cycling tests using a handheld portable analyser. A mono-exponential model estimated the ATP-PCr system contribution, calculated using the fast component of EPOC following the final sprint and the sum of the VO₂-time integral during rest intervals. Results: The cycling tests demonstrated significantly higher values for the peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.05), while the heart rate peak and blood lactate responses were similar across all modalities. The fatigue index was notably higher in the running tests (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the running tests showed greater contributions in both the percentage and absolute terms from the adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (p < 0.01), total energy demand (p < 0.05), and total energy expenditure (TEE) (p < 0.01). Notably, the running tests resulted in an increased phosphocreatine breakdown (p < 0.05) and rapid phosphocreatine replenishment (p < 0.01). A simple linear regression analysis highlighted a significant determination coefficient between these performance variables and the contributions of the energy systems, affirming the robustness of the results. The correlation heatmaps further illustrated these relationships, with higher correlations for the PP and MP across modalities (0.41), emphasising the moderate association between cycling and running tests in these metrics. Conclusions: This study elucidated the similarities and differences in energy system contributions and performance outcomes between a cycling and a running repeated sprint protocol, with a comparable total sprint time and work–rest ratio. The findings reveal that a running repeated sprint test elicits a higher energy demand and a higher contribution from the PCr energy system compared to cycling. Performance variables were not associated between running and cycling tests, suggesting those tests cannot be used interchangeably.

The aim of this study was to compare energy system contributions and examine the relationship between mechanical variables and energy system variables in lower body Wingate tests, with a focus on gender differences. A total of thirty martial artists participated in the study. Participants performed 30-second lower body Wingate tests. Mathematical methods were used to estimate the contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways based on lactate levels and oxygen consumption kinetics during rest, exercise and recovery. The main results showed that in men the relative contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways were 16%, 37% and 47% respectively. In women the relative contributions for the same pathways were 16%, 38% and 46% respectively. In men the total energy expenditure and the absolute contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways were 132 kJ, 22 kJ, 49 kJ and 61 kJ, respectively. In women these values were 106 kJ, 17 kJ, 41 kJ and 49 kJ. Although the relative energy contributions were similar, men had higher total energy expenditure and absolute energy contributions than women. In addition, men had higher absolute and relative power outputs than women, while showing similarities in fatigue index, lactate levels, heart rate and perceived exertion ratings. The ATP-PCr pathway was able to explain the variation in mechanical variables in both male and female participants. The results suggest that the contribution of energy systems, physiological responses and performance variables varies according to gender.

Background and Study Aim. This study aimed to examine the differences between a range of performance parameters in -Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestlers. The study group consisted of 60 young wrestlers, of which 30 were Greco-Roman, and 30 were freestyle. Material and Methods. The parameters analysed in the study included aerobic endurance, lower and upper extremity anaerobic power and capacity, postural sway, change of direction, sprint (5m-10m-20m-30m), and visual reaction. After calculating mean and standard deviation values with descriptive statistical methods, the conformity of all variables to normal distribution was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Differences between freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers were determined by t-test for independent samples. The statistical significance level was accepted as p0.05). In contrast, a significant difference (p<0.05) was seen in 20m and 30m sprints, double foot total, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, right foot total, and right foot medial-lateral postural sway values Conclusions. Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers can be said to show similar performance values despite the different wrestling techniques and training methods they use. Передумови та мета дослідження. Це дослідження мало на меті вивчити відмінності між рядом параметрів продуктивності у борців греко-римського та вільного стилю. Матеріал і методи. До складу досліджуваної групи входили 60 юних борців, з них 30 греко-римських, 30 вільних. Параметри, проаналізовані в дослідженні, включали аеробну витривалість, анаеробну потужність і потужність нижніх і верхніх кінцівок, постуральне коливання, зміну напрямку, спринт (5 м-10 м-20 м-30 м) і зорову реакцію. Після розрахунку середнього значення та значень стандартного відхилення за допомогою описових статистичних методів, відповідність усіх змінних нормальному розподілу перевіряли за допомогою тесту Шапіро-Вілка. Відмінності між борцями вільного та греко-римського стилів визначали за t-тестом для незалежних вибірок. Аналіз дискримінантної функції також використовувався, щоб виявити, який набір факторів найкраще відрізняє борців вільного та греко-римського стилю. Матриці однорідності перевіряли на рівність коваріації за допомогою М-тесту Бокса. Колінеарність даних була досліджена, щоб знайти кореляції між незалежними змінними. Рівень статистичної значущості прийнято р0,05). Навпаки, суттєва різниця (p<0,05) спостерігалася у спринті на 20 і 30 метрів, у подвійних значеннях загального постурального похитування стопи, передньо-заднього, медіально-латерального, правої стопи в цілому та медіально-латерального постурального коливання.Висновки. Всупереч очікуванням було виявлено, що значення анаеробної потужності ніг у спортсменів греко-римського стилю та значення анаеробної потужності рук у борців вільного стилю були вищими, ніж у борців інших стилів, з незначною різницею. Можна сказати, що борці греко-римського стилю та борці вільного стилю демонструють схожі показники продуктивності, незважаючи на різні техніки боротьби та методи тренувань, які вони використовують.