Silica fume (SF) is the most commonly mineral admixture used for the production of high-strength concrete (HSC) due to its chemical characteristics of pozzolanic reactivity and physical filling effect. The objective of the present work is to compare the SF content by the chemical analysis of the pozzolanic reaction and the physical behavior by particle packing techniques. The first step of the study was to analyze the SF content to consume the calcium hydroxide (CH) produced during the hydration of Portland cement (PC), based on stoichiometric calculations. Then, the SF content for maximum packing density was obtained using analytical particle packing models and experimental tests. The compressive strength of the pastes was also measured. The results showed that the theoretical SF content for consuming CH is 15.6%, replacing PC. According to the packing density analytical models, the ideal SF content is 15% of the total fine materials. However, the experimental results indicated the use of a smaller SF content (10%). This difference between theoretical and experimental results is probably due to the high specific surface of the SF, which results in important surface forces between the grains, particle agglomeration and difficulty in SF densification with water.

When added to concrete in appropriate content, silica fume may provide an increase in the mechanical strength of the material due to its high pozzolanic reactivity. In addition to the chemical contribution, physical changes can also be observed in concretes with silica fume due to an improvement in the particle packing of the paste. This is a result of their small size spherical particles, which fill the voids between the larger cement grains. However, it is necessary to properly establish the cement replacement content by silica fume, because at high amounts, which exceed the volume of voids between the cement particles, silica fume can promote the loosening of these particles. Thus, instead of filling the voids and increasing the packing density, the addition of silica fume will increase the volume of voids, decreasing the solid concentration. Consequently, this will impair the properties of the concrete. The objective of this paper is to use a particle packing analytical model, the CPM (Compressible Packing Model), to verify the maximum packing density of cement and silica fume, which could be associated with the silica fume optimum content in pastes. The ideal content of silica fume in pastes, mortars and concretes is usually experimentally determined. However, a theoretical study to contrast experimental data may help understanding the behaviour of silica fume in mixes. Theoretical results show maximum amounts of silica fume in the order of 18 to 20% of the cement weight, which is high considering recommendations on literature of 15%. Nevertheless, the packing model does not consider the effect of silica fume high specific surface on the agglomeration of particles or water demand. Hence, the packing density predicted by this model cannot be used as the single parameter in determining the optimum amount of silica fume in pastes.

Cement is considered the basic component with the highest environmental impact in construction, in terms of CO₂ emissions. As for the aggregates, the process of comminution of rocks, in addition to artificial sand, generates stone powder that ends up being stored outdoors, generating environmental damages. Thus, the replacement of cement by stone powder appears as an attractive alternative towards the sustainable concretes. In this context, the objective of this paper is to determine the maximum packing density in Portland cement, silica fume and stone dust pastes, to determine the optimal cement substitution content for the stone powder. In addition, it is intended to verify the influence of excess water on the consistency of the mixtures produced. The substitution was done in contents equal to 0%, 7%, 14% and 21% by volume and, for each content, the packing density was determined analytically by CPM model and combinations were reproduced experimentally. Excess water was checked by the mini Kantro cone test. The results showed that the higher cement substitution content of the stone powder obtained the higher packing density, experimental and analytical, and the higher workability, allowing economic and environmental advantages. Analyzing each material, the stone powder resulted in the highest packing density and silica fume is the lowest one. Therefore, finer particles resulted in lower packaging densities, due to the greater specific surface area, which demands more water. The agglomeration resulted in more empty gaps between the grains. In addition, mixtures flowability increased with the increase of the stone powder content. As the excess water is responsible for mixture lubrication, a higher packing density for a given volume of water improves the flowability.

O empacotamento de partículas em concretos e argamassas adquire cada dia mais importância no âmbito técnico, uma vez que muitas das propriedades dos materiais compósitos são influenciadas pelo índice de vazios e concentração de sólidos. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de comparar a densidade de empacotamento de agregados miúdos, cujas curvas granulométricas foram obtidas pelo uso de diferentes modelos de empacotamento de partículas. A areia normal brasileira, fornecida pelo IPT, foi utilizada para verificação experimental dos resultados teóricos obtidos pelo uso dos modelos. As densidades de empacotamento das curvas granulométricas foram calculadas através do modelo de empacotamento CPM (do inglês, compressible packing model). A máxima densidade de empacotamento foi buscada pelo uso de modelos de empacotamento que resultam em uma curva granulométrica ideal, fazendo-se valer de ensaios preliminares que indicavam uma maior densidade de empacotamento na fração grossa da areia, de 1,2 mm. Desta forma, além das curvas granulométricas ideais, fez-se também um estudo com composições aleatórias onde houve aumento progressivo de 5% na fração grossa da areia com a devida compensação nas frações mais finas. Utilizou-se, como referência, a curva granulométrica que representa a média dos limites inferior e superior da zona ótima recomendada pela norma NBR 7211. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível aumentar a densidade de empacotamento através do uso de modelos de empacotamento de partículas e composições aleatórias, com relação à curva média da norma. Esse aumento foi da ordem de 2% e 5% para as densidades de empacotamento real e virtual, respectivamente. A verificação experimental dos resultados teóricos demonstrou que o modelo CPM infravalorou a densidade de empacotamento em aproximadamente 10%.