The application of sol–gel on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings can increase wear resistance by sealing the surface defects such as pores and cracks in the outer layer of the PEO layer and strengthen the coating. Four different sol–gel formulations based on precursors—(3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and zirconium(IV) propoxide (ZTP) along with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)—were used to seal PEO pores, and the samples were tested tribologically. A sliding reciprocating tribometer was used to carry out a wear test with an alumina ball as the counter body in two different conditions: (a) 2.5 N load for 20 min, and (b) 3 N load for 40 min. The coefficient of friction and wear rate as volume loss per unit sliding length were obtained for all sol–gel-sealed specimens and unsealed PEO-coated and bare AA2024 substrate. 3D mechanical profilometer surface scans were used to compare the depth of wear traces. The elemental color mapping using SEM and EDS revealed that silicon remains present in the wear tracks of PEO coatings sealed with sol–gel layers containing GPTMS (PSG) and ZTP (PSG-ZT). GPTMS (PSG) was able to fill the pores of the PEO layer efficiently due to its cross-linked network. Moreover, sol–gel containing ZTP (PSG-ZT) was deposited as a thick layer on top of the PEO layer which provided good lubrication and resistance to wear. However, other sol–gel formulations (PSG-MT and PSG-AP) were worn out during tests at a higher load (3 N). The most stable friction coefficient (COF) and specific wear rates were observed with sol–gels with GPTMS and ZTP.

Biomedical implants usually employ titanium alloys, especially Ti6Al4V, which require specialized surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to improve bioactivity and corrosion resistance. The microstructure and electrochemical behavior of Hydroxyapatite-Modified plasma electrolytic oxidation on Ti6Al4V alloy were investigated in this study. The surface morphology and composition of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), while the crystalline phases were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to analyze electrochemical performance of the Hydroxyapatite-modified PEO layers in simulated physiological environments. The results indicate that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite significantly influences the morphological, microstructural, and electrochemical behavior of the substrate, while refining crystal morphology and enhancing the chemical similarity of the coatings to natural bone. Building on these observations, the present study provides valuable insights into the optimization of surface treatments on Ti6Al4V for biomedical applications by introducing a novel approach that integrates calcium-enriched electrolytes, hydroxyapatite nanoparticle incorporation, and hydrothermal post-treatment to enhance biofunctional performance in biomedical applications.

Biomedical implants usually employ titanium alloys, especially Ti6Al4V, which require specialized surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to improve bioactivity and corrosion resistance. The microstructure and electrochemical behavior of Hydroxyapatite-Modified plasma electrolytic oxidation on Ti6Al4V alloy were investigated in this study. The surface morphology and composition of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while the crystalline phases were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to analyze the electrochemical performance of the hydroxyapatite-modified PEO layers in simulated physiological environments. The results indicate that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite significantly influences the morphological and electrochemical behavior of the substrate, while refining crystal morphology and enhancing the chemical similarity of the coatings to natural bone. Building on these observations, the present study provides valuable insights into surface treatment strategies for Ti6Al4V for biomedical applications by introducing a novel approach that integrates calcium-enriched electrolytes, hydroxyapatite nanoparticle incorporation, and hydrothermal post-treatment to enhance biofunctional performance in biomedical applications.