The etiology of bladder cancer remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of gene polymorphisms, particularly methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), on bladder cancer susceptibility, focusing on the rs1801133 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A meta-analysis was conducted after systematically reviewing the MTHFR gene literature, adhering to PRISMA guidelines and registering in PROSPERO (CRD42023423064). Seven studies were included, showing a significant association between the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) polymorphism and bladder cancer susceptibility. Individuals with the T-allele or TT genotype had a higher likelihood of bladder cancer. In the Asian population, the overall analysis revealed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.15 (95% CI 1.03–1.30; p-value = 0.03) for T-allele versus C-allele and an OR of 1.34 (95% CI 1.04–1.72; p-value = 0.02) for TT genotype versus TC+CC genotype. The CC genotype, however, showed no significant association with bladder cancer. Notably, epigenetic findings displayed low sensitivity but high specificity, indicating reliable identified associations while potentially overlooking some epigenetic factors related to bladder cancer. In conclusion, the MTHFR T-allele and TT genotype were associated with increased bladder cancer risk in the Asian population. These insights into genetic factors influencing bladder cancer susceptibility could inform targeted prevention and treatment strategies. Further research is warranted to validate and expand these findings.

Objective: This study will identify specific epitopes from the 47kDa protein as the basis for making polyclonal antibodies to increasing sensitivity and specificity of 47kDa protein as bladder cancer biomarkers. Method: The 47kDa protein epitope prediction was carried out using the in-silico method. The epitope with the highest and the lowest value was immunized to the mice for four weeks and was harvested at the fifth weeks. The antibody was tested with the patient’s urine using western blotting. Total of 186 participants including in this study. For the first stage (antibody confirmation test) test we have 18 participants, for the second stage (1st antibody diagnosis test) we have 72 participants and for the third stage (2nd antibody diagnosis test) we have 96 participants, consist of total 64 BC patients 48 of healthy individuals and 74 participants with the other diseases. Results: Some epitopes from the sequenced protein are candidates for immunization, in the chain 108’-136’ (with lowest Bepipred score: 0.53) named as peptide1 and chain 42’-56’ (with highest bepipred score: 0.58) named as peptide2. In western blotting test, both antibodies showed detection at 47kDa. When examined with western blot using urine from BC patients, urine from other cancer patients (prostate, kidney, ureter, rectal, breast), and healthy persons, both antibodies were found to only express 47kDa in urine from BC patients. The diagnostic tests showed high sensitivity (91.67%) and specificity (94.44%) inAb2 in predicting bladder cancer. Conclussion: The evolution of the polyclonal antibody made from specific epitopes is proven to express specifically on bladder cancer patients and have high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND Urethral injuries are rarely life-threatening but can cause significant morbidity if left untreated. Until now, data on urethral trauma incidence are still limited in Indonesia. This study aimed to report the incidence of traumatic urethral stricture within 10 years of experience in treating urethral trauma. METHODS This retrospective study used a total sampling method for all patients with urethral trauma who came to the emergency department and agreed to undergo radiological evaluation. Patient data were collected from January 2012 to December 2021. All patients were followed up for 3 months after trauma, and the incidence of urethral stricture was analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as an alternative. RESULTS The overall incidence of urethral stricture was 48.4%. Of 122 patients, 82.0% had anterior urethral trauma. Grade III American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (43.4%) was the most common urethral trauma. The cause of urethral trauma was iatrogenic, pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI), straddle injury, and penile fracture, contributing in 64.8%, 18.0%, 16.4%, and 0.8% of the cases, respectively. Most patients (70.5%) underwent a cystostomy catheterization procedure as initial treatment. Straddle injury, PFUI, and a higher degree of urethral trauma were significantly associated with urethral stricture formation (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Straddle injury, PFUI, and a higher degree of urethral trauma were significantly related to a higher incidence of urethral stricture. Most low-grade and anterior urethral traumas can resolve spontaneously.

Background: Orchidectomy is a surgical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer patients to achieve castrate testosterone levels. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are used to mitigate the adverse effects of ADT, including elevated risk of osteoporosis, and reduced skeletal muscle mass. Rad140 is a novel SARMs that has high affinity for the androgen receptors. This study was conducted to determine the effects of SARM Rad140 on the number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle size, and number of myonuclei in rats underwent orchidectomy.Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted using a randomized post-test only control group design. Following orchidectomy, SARM Rad140 was administered orally for six weeks at various doses. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, muscle fiber CSA, muscle size, and number of myonuclei were measured. Quantitative analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.Results: There were significant differences in the effects of SARM Rad140 at different doses on osteoblast and osteoclast cells. At higher doses, the osteoblast cell counts in rats tended to increase, while the osteoclast counts tended to decline. The treatment group also showed significant results in the CSA of the gastrocnemius muscle fibers, as well as in the number of myonuclei of the gastrocnemius muscle.Conclusion: SARM Rad140 significantly increased the number of osteoblasts, muscle fiber CSA, and gastrocnemius muscle myonuclei, while decreasing osteoclasts. SARM Rad140 is a promising therapy for osteoporosis and muscle weakening due to ADT.Keywords: SARM Rad140, orchidectomy, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, muscle fiber cross sectional area, myonuclei

Introduction and Objectives: Premature ejaculation (PE) occurs in 31% of productive men aged 18-59 years, leading to disappointment and avoidance of sexual relations. The current guideline of treatment for PE is Dapoxetine, which possesses several adverse effects causing the limitation of long-term use. Silodosin, an alpha-1 blocker, has been proposed as a new option for treating PE due to its minimal side effects. Therefore, our study aims to assess the efficacy of silodosin in treating PE.Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was in accordance with Cochrane Handbook guidelines. Comprehensive literature search was conducted in several databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) Involving premature ejaculation patients; (2) Intervention using silodosin; (3) Comparing placebo or other therapies for PE (4) Outcome includes the Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time (IELT) and reported adverse events related to the therapy. Study quality was assessed using Cochrane risk-of-bias criteria. Statistical analysis in this study was performed using Review Manager 5.4 Results: A total of four studies were included in this meta-analysis. Our study showed that patients who received silodosin had a significantly longer IELT compared to control (MD: 132.54, 95% CI 51.51-213.57, p<0.001). However, patient treated with silodosin also possessed significantly higher risk of adverse event for developing reduced semen ejaculation (OR 10.79, 95% CI 3.46 – 33.67, p<0.0001).Conclusion: Silodosin significantly increased IELT. However, it also reduced semen ejaculation as its drug adverse effect. This result supports the clinical use of silodosin as an alternative treatment for premature ejaculation.

Introduction: It is estimated that more than 150 million men worldwide have erectile dysfunction (ED) and this number will reach more than 300 million by 2025. There is strong evidence that ED increases the risk of future cardiovascular events. ED and CAD share common risk factors. High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is an important inflammatory biomarker in subclinical atherosclerosis. Albuminuria is also a marker of widespread endothelial dysfunction and is thought to be associated with ED. This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of ED and the relationship between hs-CRP, albuminuria, and cardiovascular risk factors with the occurrence of ED in CAD patients.Materials and methods: From July 2024 to October 2024, 288 CAD cases from Saiful Anwar general hospital heart clinic met the inclusion criteria. Data on hs-CRP, albuminuria, and cardiovascular risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking were observed in relation to incidence of erectile dysfunction in CAD patients. Then logistic regression analysis was performed.Results: There were 255 CAD patients (88.5%) who experienced ED. There was no significant relationship between hs-CRP and albuminuria with ED in CAD patients (p>0.05). Significant risk factors for ED in CAD patients were age (OR = 15.92; 95% CI = 4.67-54.22; p=0.000), triglycerides (OR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.12-5.66; p=0.024), and smoking (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.09-0.89; p=0.031). Conclusions: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 88.5% in patients with coronary artery disease. Hs-CRP and albuminuria did not have a significant relationship with the incidence of ED in patients with CAD. Risk factors that independently affect incidence of ED in patients with CAD are age, smoking, and hypertriglyceridemia.