We have developed a novel graphene-based biosensing platform using peptides as probe biomolecules, and demonstrated its feasibility in the application of real-time monitoring of protease activity based on FRET between GO and dye-labeled peptides. This assay allows the rapid and accurate determination of enzyme kinetic parameters as well as inhibition constants.

A colorimetric assay has been developed for parallel detection of Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ utilizing peptide-modified gold nanoparticles (P-AuNPs) as a sensing element based on its unique surface plasmon resonance properties. The functional peptide ligand, CALNNDHHHHHH, was self-assembled on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to produce P-AuNPs probe. The P-AuNPs probe could be used to simultaneously detect and showed different responses to the three ions Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ in an aqueous solution based on the aggregation-induced color change of AuNPs. The method showed good selectivity for Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ over other metal ions, and detection limit as low as 0.05 μM Cd²⁺, 0.3 μM Ni²⁺ or 2 μM Co²⁺. To simultaneously (or parallel) detect the three metal ions coexisting in a sample, EDTA and imidazole were applied to mask Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ for detecting Cd²⁺, glutathione and EDTA were applied to mask Cd²⁺ and Co²⁺ for detecting Ni²⁺, and glutathione and imidazole were applied to mask Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ for detecting Co²⁺. Finally, the simple and cost-effective probe could be successfully applied for simultaneously detecting Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺ in river water. Because this novel P-AgNPs-based probe design offers many advantages, including simplicity of preparation and manipulation compared with other methods that employ specific strategies, the sensing system shows potential application in the developing region for monitoring water quality.