The Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks have significantly advanced process monitoring and control in multiple sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, and smart cities. Given the substantial volume of IoT-generated data, design-oriented solutions are necessary to accelerate data processing and improve scalability and flexibility. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the principal applications, technology, challenges, and future trajectories of IoT and sensor networks in process control as the control and monitoring of processes across industries are being transformed by the accelerated development of the IoT and sensor networks. Nevertheless, its pervasive adoption is impeded by obstacles such as data overload, scalability, and energy efficiency. This study is an investigation that presents a comprehensive framework for the integration of IoT-enabled sensor networks into real-time process control systems, thereby addressing these issues. We illustrate methods to enhance the collection, processing, and decision-making processes by studying advanced communication protocols such as MQTT and CoAP and key enabling technology of sensor networks. By conducting case studies of smart cities, agriculture, healthcare, and production, this investigation has extensive implications, enabling various industries to achieve enhanced operational efficiencies, robust scalability, and improved safety. Despite significant breakthroughs, challenges such as security, energy efficiency, and scalability remain to be addressed. Finally, we have presented advanced technologies capable of addressing these challenges and shaping the trajectory of IoT-based process management systems, including block chain, 5G, and AI integration and discussed future implication of study.

A dataset for hybrid indoor positioning systems is presented in this paper. The existing indoor positioning datasets are focused on a single technology such as WiFi RSSI or Magnetometer. But the presented dataset has data from W-LAN and Bluetooth interfaces, and Magnetometer. The measurements were performed in a three-story building and covers about 50% of the entire building. Moreover, both symbolic and absolute positions are defined for each measurement. The measurements were recorded by the ILONA system and stored in a MySQL database. The dataset is available in both SQL and CSV format.

One of the goals of the European Union’s agroforestry plans is to alleviate the shortage of timber in Europe caused by the growing demand for hardwoods and the declining import of tropical timber. The study shows which tree species can be considered in agroforestry systems in Europe, and which of them can be used as raw material for the wood industry and what quality of wood can be produced in agroforestry systems. Since 2005, the European Union has been officially encouraging farmers to plant the crops in an agroforestry system and parallel try to produce trunks for high quality timber. By analysing the current economic developments of the European Union, especially Horizon 2020, our study provides an overview of what can be expected by the participants of the agroforestry sector and the related primary wood industry in the European Union now and in the future. In addition to the distribution analysis, indices describing projects have also been created. Rank correlation was used to examine the relationship between them. Possible decision mechanisms were also outlined using a custom-built expert software system.

Indoor positioning is a hot topic these days and there is a growing need for it in public buildings such as airports, hospitals, universities or shopping malls. Indoor positioning systems should be accurate, easily available for the users, with low installation and maintenance cost, which makes development challenging. Existing systems are based on various technologies such as ultrasonic, RFID, WiFi or light encoding. Moreover, these systems are tailored to a given environment and usually rely on a single technology. This paper presents the indoor localization and navigation (ILONA) System, a flexible hybrid indoor positioning and navigation framework. The ILONA System was not designed to be a solution for a single indoor positioning task but to be a standard core component of various systems. The ILONA System provides easily available positioning and navigation services for the end users. The system can manage data from the most commonly available sensors of modern smart phones. Thus, the ILONA System can perform positioning based on various technologies. ILONA System can be established at low cost because it only requires a connection between the server and the clients and WLAN is usually available. Hence, the presented ILONA System provides a widely available, hybrid indoor positioning framework at low cost to the developers of other indoor positioning solutions.

In recent decades, the partial substitution of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has received attention for construction applications because of its pozzolanic characteristics. However, regional-scale studies are encouraged to increase the use of SCBA at the industrial level. Limited literature is available on the effect of SCBA on concrete Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), CO₂ emissions and economic feasibility. In the current study, the influence of adding 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% locally available SCBA from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the consistency, mechanical strength, ASR, N₂ adsorption, mineralogy, microstructure, and elemental compositions of concrete was investigated. In addition, CO₂ emissions and cost analysis were conducted for all the concrete mixes. Experimental findings revealed that consistency increased with the addition of SCBA percentages, whereas a delay in the setting time was recorded. The Compressive strength (CS) and split tensile strength for all SCBA-based mixtures increased with ageing, due to the finer particles and higher surface area of SCBA. Additionally, SCBA effectively reduces the expansion resulting from the alkali-silica reaction. The incorporation of SCBA significantly improved the microstructure with no sign of cracks, resulting in higher reactivity and the formation of additional CSH gel than the control mix. The findings confirmed that incorporating 10% of SCBA resulted in eco-friendly construction material with enhanced strength and cost savings. Furthermore, this study is beneficial to promote the use of locally available SCBA in concrete instead of disposal in landfills.

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven research into alternative aggregates to reduce reliance on natural resources. This study comprehensively evaluates the mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating steel slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregates at replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. An extensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate compressive, tensile, flexural, and shear strengths, as well as acid resistance and microstructural stability using XRD. The results show that a 50% slag replacement achieved optimal mechanical performance, with the highest compressive and flexural strengths, improved tensile capacity, and superior shear resistance. Specifically, the 50% slag mix demonstrated a 7.9% increase in flexural strength (from 1090.7 psi to 1164.3 psi), maintaining over 82% of the compressive strength of the control at 28 days. The 25% and 75% mixes also demonstrated balanced strength and ductility characteristics. XRD analysis showed that slag-blended concretes retained key hydration products such as Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and Quartz after exposure to sulfuric acid, indicating improved chemical resistance. A newly proposed durability index, integrating both mass loss and strength retention, was used to quantify durability performance, with the 50% mix exhibiting a durability index DI_2p of 84.3%, significantly higher than the control's 73.8%, confirming that slag incorporation improves both mechanical and chemical resilience. These findings underscore the potential of steel slag, particularly at 25-50% replacement levels, as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to natural sand in concrete production, contributing to eco-friendly construction practices and enabling the development of more durable concrete for aggressive environments and critical infrastructure applications.