Inorganic arsenic in drinking water from groundwater sources is one of the potential causes of arsenic-contaminated environments, and it is highly toxic to human health even at low concentrations. The purpose of this study was to develop a magnetic adsorbent capable of removing arsenic from water. Fe₃O₄-monolithic resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels are a type of porous material that forms when resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) react to form a polymer network, which is then cross-linked with magnetite. Sonication-assisted direct and indirect methods were investigated for loading Fe₃O₄ and achieving optimal mixing and dispersion of Fe₃O₄ in the RF solution. Variations of the molar ratios of the catalyst (R/C = 50, 100, 150, and 200), water (R/W = 0.04 and 0.05), and Fe₃O₄ (M/R = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2), and thermal treatment were applied to evaluate their textural properties and adsorption capacities. Magnetic carbon xerogel monoliths (MXRF600) using indirect sonication were pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 6 h with a nitrogen gas flow in the tube furnace. Nanoporous carbon xerogels with a high surface area (292 m²/g) and magnetic properties were obtained. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of As(III) and As(V) was 694.3 µg/g and 1720.3 µg/g, respectively. The incorporation of magnetite in the xerogel structure was physical, without participation in the polycondensation reaction, as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. Therefore, Fe₃O₄-monolithic resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels were developed as a potential adsorbent for the effective removal of arsenic with low and high ranges of As(III) and As(V) concentrations from groundwater.

The environmental risks of industrial jarosite (JAR) were mainly attributed to its average particle size (8.6 µm) and its content of leachable heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd, 64.2 mg L⁻¹), lead (Pb, 4.16 mg L⁻¹), and arsenic (As, 0.27 mg L⁻¹). In this study, various methods were reported to eliminate the leachable elements contained in JAR without collapsing the crystalline structure: acid leaching, ionic exchange, and extended remediation. The effect of pH (2–10), temperature (20–175 °C), and time (<30 min) on the leaching of Cd, Pb, and As were studied. The ultrasound-assisted leaching process (at <60 °C and for 12 min) using a 0.19 M H₂SO₄ solution allowed to obtain a reduction of leachable Cd (99.2 wt. %), Pb (94.2 wt. %), and As (98.1 wt. %). Although the H₂SO₄ remediated jarosite, for example, still had a content of Pb, Cd, As, and Mn of 9.25, 0.91, 3.89, and 2.41 g kg⁻¹, respectively, these metallic compounds were insoluble in the pH interval of 2 to 10. The jarosite obtained using acid leaching, JAR2L, had the highest adsorption capacity of As(V) (Q_max = 7.55 g kg⁻¹), while the jarosite obtained using extended remediation had the highest water adsorption capacity (165 mL kg⁻¹). The JAR can be remediated using acid ultrasound-assisted leaching and it can be applied in formulating strategic materials for the chemical industry.

This paper presents a novel family of jarosites with the molecular formula MFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆·xH₂O; M = Na, K, NH₄ that have high efficiency in the adsorption of As(V) and Pb(II) dissolved in water. The jarosites have been prepared by conventional heating at temperatures close to 95 °C for 3 h. The synthesis method was improved and optimized to reduce the time and energy consumption. The improved conventional heating method allowed for the synthesis of Na− and K−jarosites with a yield of up to 97.8 wt.% at 105 and 150 °C, respectively, in 3 h. The Na−, K−, and NH₄−jarosites were synthesized at 150 °C in 5 min via a microwave-assisted method, which yielded jarosite crystalline agglomerates with more uniform topography, shape, and size than the conventional method. Both methods allowed the selective synthesis of jarosites. Chemical decomposition of jarosites suspended in water occurred at a pH less than 2 and higher than 10 and temperatures up to 150 °C. In the solid state, the jarosites were thermally stable at least to 300 °C. The Na−jarosite presented a maximum adsorption capacity (Q_max) of 65.6 mg g⁻¹ for As(V) and 94 mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II). The jarosites are considered promising bifunctional adsorbents for the remediation of contaminated water due to their improved synthesis method, stability, and high adsorption capacity for ions of different natures.