Huge quantities of municipal solid waste and food chain supply waste are unfavourable outcomes of rapid population growth and urbanization. Organic municipal waste majorly consists of decomposable, recyclable, and inert waste and contributes to 57% of municipal waste generated globally. Fruits and vegetables wastes are major component of organic municipal waste, and contains significant amount of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and fibres that can be valorised through various innovative and sustainable strategies. One of the most important approaches is leveraging the catalytic capabilities of microbial enzymes to convert complex organic compounds to varied valuable products like, essential oils, bio-oil, ethanol, biogas, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, dietary products etc. Development of environment friendly sustainable processes also handles the challenges associated with waste disposal and boost nation’s financial status through circular bioeconomy. The present review focusses on details of major organic municipal waste, with specific emphasis on fruit and vegetable remains, their composition, management and value-added products obtained from these resources. It also gives a detailed account on green technology approach of waste valorisation through microbial enzymes, recent technological interventions involved in the process and discusses the future market potential and growth prospects in the studied area. Graphical Abstract

Lignocelluloses are complex plant polysaccharides made of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and products made from these components find immense market potential. They can be effectively valorized to products related to bioenergy, bioplastics, food and nutrition, medication delivery systems, and other elements. Significant sources of lignocellulosic biomass include sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, rice straw, potato haulms, cocoa pods, etc. Enzyme-based valorization processes find immense potential, as they are eco-friendly and sustainable. A few prominent enzymes being used in the process, include hemicellulases (3.2.1.X), ligninases (EC 1.11.1.14), cellulases (EC 3.2.1.X), etc. These enzymes can be obtained from a diverse group of microorganisms and may be utilized in various industrial processes. The present review accounts for prominent lignocellulolytic enzymes, microbes producing these enzymes and their specific industrial applications. The review also highlights advances in enzyme production strategies and their production processes.

Patients affected by trauma who get admitted to critical care units experience prolonged hospitalization and thereby acquire several infections. This retrospective observational study was done from 2014 to 2021 to observe Candidaemia affecting this population. A total of 4816 patients admitted with traumatic injuries and hospitalized for treatment at ICU in our 190 bedded Level-1 Trauma center underwent this study. Paired blood samples were collected from patients showing signs of sepsis and incubated and monitored regularly by the BacT/ALERT system (bioMe´rieux InC., Marcy l'Etoile, France). All the positive signal samples exhibiting budding yeast cells on Gram stain were subcultured on Chrome agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Pure growths obtained were subjected for identification and susceptibility by MALDI-TOF and VITEK 2 system. Out of the 4816 patients, 61 were affected by Candidaemia. Out of 61, the maximum was in the age group of 31-40 years (19.7%). Male preponderance (50/61, 82%) was exhibited compared to females. To ascertain Candidaemia, samples collected were blood (63/66, 95.5%) and CVP tip (3/66, 4.5%). Candidaemia was primarily observed in patients who suffered major orthopedic trauma (14/61, 21.2%). A total of 66 Candida species were isolated from samples of these patients. Out of these, Candida tropicalis (43.9%) was the most common, followed by C. parapsilosis (22.7%), C. albicans (21.2%), C. haemulonii (4.5%), C. glabrata (3%), C. rugosa (3%), and C. guilliermondii (1.5%). Concerning antifungal resistance, fluconazole resistance was 16.6% (11), flucytosine 1.5% (1), amphotericin B 6% (4), and micafungin 3% (2). Voriconazole was resistant to none but intermediate to 12.1% (8), caspofungin was intermediate to 3% (2), and resistant to none. A total of 47% (31/61) of patients succumbed to their injuries which were observed highest in the age group of 61-70 years (8/61, 25.8%). The most common injuries that the deceased suffered were polytrauma (9/61, 29%) and blunt trauma abdomen (9/61, 29%). Maximum mortality was also observed in patients with Candidaemia due to Candida tropicalis (15/61, 48.3%). Candidaemia is usually fatal. Mortality due to Candidaemia increases in patients with severe traumatic injuries and added risk factors such as extremes of age, immunocompromised state, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. When compared to a similar study done in our center from 2009 to 2012 (3 years) on Candidaemia in ICU patients, the incidence was lower in our study (12.6% per 1000 ICU admissions vs 14.9% per 1000 ICU admissions), but the mortality rate was higher (47% vs 43.3%). Therefore, a watchful eye on early signs of sepsis, strict hospital infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship may alter their outcome.