In this investigation the extraction curve of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were determined in the cultivation of fig. A system of intensive production of fig in greenhouse and hydroponics was established with 1.25 plants m⁻². The determination of the nitrogen content was done by the micro-Kjeldahl method. The P was by the yellow molybdovanadate method throughon a spectrophotometer. The K was determined by flamometry and the Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Of the organs analyzed, the stem was the that accumulated more dry matter, then, the leaves and finally the fruits. The nutrient extraction dynamics presented similar upward behavior in all nutrients. The demand for macronutrients in decreasing order was N > K > P > Ca > Mg and for the micronutrients Cu > Fe > Mn > Zn.

The aim of this research was to identify the factors that influence the efficiency in the adoption of innovations in protected agricultural systems. For the study of these factors, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed in which three clusters were obtained that showed clearly differentiated behavior. To identify the differences between groups, a variance analysis and a chi-square test was performed. The results show that efficiency in the adoption of innovations is related to the producer’s schooling, his experience, and access to extension services. Derived from the above, it is important to promote greater articulation among producers, promote an integral extensionism capable of promoting collective development and interactions that are developed and evolved in the territories.

SUMMARY: The worldwide cultivation of fig (Ficus carica L.) has achieved great economic importance, mainly, due to its important role as a food supplement. This situation has generated great interest in researching its methods of production, processing and conservation. The objective of this research was to evaluate six intensive production systems of fig in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions. The experimental phase started on November 15, 2010 and was completed in September 2011. Production systems were established by varying the number of productive stems between three and eight in each plant, with densities of 1.25 plants m⁻². A completely experimental – randomized design was used with five replications, with a pot and a plant as an experimental unit. The results indicate that the highest yielding of fresh fruit was presented by eight productive stems (109.5 t ha⁻¹), this one outperformed the seven productive stems (94.8 t ha⁻¹) in 13.3% and six productive stems (78.6 t ha⁻¹), at 26.8%. The handling of productive stems allowed an increase in the leaf area index, harvest index and fruit yielding. These results suggest that intensive production in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions of fig is an excellent alternative production, allowing to collect up to 20 times of fresh fruit yielding in relation to the plantations in the open field.

Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0 generate good expectations of satisfying the growing demand for food in a sustainable way. However, in order to make effective use of scientific and technological developments, infrastructure, knowledge, experience and skills are required. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the technological capacity of the Mexican agri-food sector for the adoption of new technologies. The documentary research method was used, and the information was obtained from the Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria, the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía and the Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad. A cluster analysis was performed to generate a typology of states, in addition to an analysis of variance with the Kruskal–Wallis H Test for independent samples, for which the IBM^® SPSS Statistics program was used. The variables analyzed presented very low values, indicating low technological capabilities. Three clusters of states with different technological capabilities were identified. The first was formed of four states in the north of the country with high technological capabilities, for which it was expected that they would have higher adoption rates. Next, there was a group made up of ten states in the north and center of the country with intermediate technological capabilities. Finally, there was a group of 18 states of the country made up of states from the center and south of the country, which present the lowest levels. The results indicate that the technological capacities for the adoption of new technologies in the Mexican agri-food sector are low in general, and are concentrated in some highly specialized regions linked to international markets.

En México las unidades de producción lechera son altamente heterogéneas en cuanto a las condiciones tecnológicas y agroecológicas en que se desarrollan, lo que influye directamente sobre el rendimiento de la ordeña. Este trabajo evalúa la influencia de variables de tipo económico y tecnológico como la escolaridad del productor, el nivel de tecnificación, el tamaño del hato productivo, la inseminación artificial, la presencia de asesoría técnica y el uso de alimento concentrado, sobre el rendimiento obtenido en unidades familiares de producción de la cuenca de Tecamachalco; Puebla. Para verificar este planteamiento empírico se construyó un modelo lineal múltiple y se llevó a cabo una regresión mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Los resultados mostraron que, a excepción del nivel de tecnificación, todas las variables contempladas en el modelo tuvieron un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la cantidad de litros producidos por vaca por día. Estos resultados cuestionan en buena medida la política de fomento agropecuario que se ha enfocado a la dotación de equipos y habilitación de infraestructura. Se perciben como necesarias políticas públicas y acciones de auto-organización, dirigidas a la mejora de la alimentación de los hatos, a la generalización de la inseminación artificial y a la garantía de asesoría técnica oportuna y de calidad.