The purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology with open-source large language models (LLMs). A dedicated web-based application, PaSSER, was developed, integrating RAG with Mistral:7b, Llama2:7b, and Orca2:7b models. Various software instruments were used in the application’s development. PaSSER employs a set of evaluation metrics, including METEOR, ROUGE, BLEU, perplexity, cosine similarity, Pearson correlation, and F1 score, to assess LLMs’ performance, particularly within the smart agriculture domain. The paper presents the results and analyses of two tests. One test assessed the performance of LLMs across different hardware configurations, while the other determined which model delivered the most accurate and contextually relevant responses within RAG. The paper discusses the integration of blockchain with LLMs to manage and store assessment results within a blockchain environment. The tests revealed that GPUs are essential for fast text generation, even for 7b models. Orca2:7b on Mac M1 was the fastest, and Mistral:7b had superior performance on the 446 question–answer dataset. The discussion is on technical and hardware considerations affecting LLMs’ performance. The conclusion outlines future developments in leveraging other LLMs, fine-tuning approaches, and further integration with blockchain and IPFS.

Increased consumer requirements for quality, safety and traceability of goods in supply chains has accelerated the implementation of blockchain during the COVID-19 pandemic. The right choice of blockchain software is a complicated task and an important prerequisite for successful deployment. In this study, we propose a conceptual framework for group multi-criteria selection of blockchain software in fuzzy environment according to organization needs and experts’ judgements. The applicability of the new framework has been verified through an illustrative example for ranking blockchain systems. The evaluations of compared alternatives were calculated by using measurement of alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (MARCOS) method. The robustness of the new framework was proven by sensitivity analysis in which two (crisp and fuzzy) MARCOS models with two different sets of weighting coefficients were compared.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach to blockchain-enabled supply-chain model for a smart crop production framework. The defined tasks are: (1) analysis of blockchain ecosystem as a network of stakeholders and as an infrastructure of technical and logical elements; (2) definition of a supply-chain model; (3) design of blockchain reference infrastructure; (4) description of blockchain information channels with smart contracts basic functionalities. The results presented include: а supply-chain model facilitating seeds certification process, monitoring and supervision of the grain process, provenance and as optional interactions with regulatory bodies, logistics and financial services; the three level blockchain reference infrastructure and a blockchain-enabled supply-chain supporting five information channels with nine participants and smart contracts. An account management user application tool, the general descriptions of smart contract basic functionalities and a selected parts of one smart contract code are provided as examples.

Blockchain oracles are an intermediary designed to connect external non-deterministic information and real-world data to the blockchain digital infrastructure. The variety of proposed solutions and purposes are of great variety and suggest that it is necessary to take into account different features of the process and specifically define the required functionalities. The purpose of this paper is to present the integration of oracles into an EOSIO blockchain-based platform for smart crop production data exchange by smart contracts. The functions of two oracles are presented. Their integration is described at the design level and at the implementation of the smart contracts. The design level is illustrated by workflow diagrams of internal processes between oracle applications and the blockchain smart contract and by external processes in the oracles’ smart contracts. The implementation level is illustrated by oracle application configuration files and elements of C++ smart contracts, such as constant and variable declarations, multi-index tables, internal contract functions, and actions called by other contracts and external programs. As results of the oracles’ operation, a report on the detected emergency failures and an estimate of the cost of ram resource are presented.

This paper focuses on the development and deployment of a dApp (decentralized Application) for Smart Crop Production Data exchange (SCPDx) that runs on Antelope blockchain/IPFS infrastructure. The paper emphasizes practical approaches to dApp design and deployment, analyses architectural patterns of dApps, and underlines the role of smart contracts in implementing complex functionality. The paper’s contribution is the detailed description of the main smart contracts and the practical knowledge provided on the architecture and implementation of dApps, emphasizing the challenges and solutions in the development process, especially in the context of smart contract implementation. Future developments of the application towards additional data types processing, and design of an interface for leveraging, testing, and evaluating the performance of open source Large Language Models (LLMs) on specific datasets are commented on.

The blockchain technology continues to evolve, and new use cases and applications are emerging. A key component of the blockchain ecosystem is the blockchain wallet. This paper presents the key components in the concept behind blockchain wallets, analyzes and systematizes their classification, and proposes an extended working definition. The proposed classification can be viewed as a classical multi-criteria problem for framework design selection of various custom wallet solutions. As a practical solution, the implementation of a desktop version of a non-custodial, software hot wallet, which supports tokens/NFT (ERC-20, ERC-721) with biometric authentication. The wallet is designed for the Antelope/IPFS based platform for data exchange in smart crop production. The technology framework requirements are presented, along with two groups of functionalities - account management and working with tokens, and three main applications for token transfer and user file exchange authentication. The wallet is an extension of the infrastructure and functionalities of the platform prototype. The obtained results provide opportunities for future development in direction of deployment a web-based application and wallet, enabling the client-side of the platform to be implemented as a dApp.