The most challenging issue in the design of wireless sensor networks for the application of localization in the underground environment, mostly for miner’s location, is the sensor nodes’ energy consumption, efficiency and communication. Underground Wireless Sensor Networks are active and promising area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes perform sensing duties in the underground environment. Most of the communication techniques used in the underground environment experience a high path loss and hence, hinders the range needed for transmission. However, the available option to increase information transmission is to increase the transmission power which needs large size of apparatus which is also limited in the underground. To solve the mentioned problems, this paper proposed a Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power. Analytical results of the Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power with an ordinary magnetic induction communication technique show an improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and path loss with variation in distance between nodes and frequency of operation. This paper further formulates a nonlinear program to determine the optimal data (events) extraction in a grid based WUSNs.

This paper investigates the feasibility of Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentica- tion to serve security needs of Power Line Communication (PLC) system. PLC network has been identified as the ideal choice to function as the last mile network, deliver load management messages to smart meters. However, there is need to address the security concerns for load management messages delivered over power line communications. The ubiquitous nature of the power line communication infrastructure exposes load management systems (LMS) deployed over it to a security risk. Ordinarily, PLC network does not em- ploy any security measures on which the smart meters and data concentrators can depend on. Therefore, the need to provide a secure mechanism for communication of load man- agement system messages over a PLC network. In LMS, source authentication is of highest priority because we need to respond only to messages from an authenticated source. This is achieved by investigating suitable robust authentication protocols. In this paper we present modifications to Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication for secure authentica- tion to secure messages for load management over PLC. We demonstrate that PLC can be used to securely and effectively deliver Load Management messages to smart meters, with minimal overhead.