Objectives: The dengue prevention program known as “One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector” involves health volunteers who play a crucial role in the surveillance of mosquito larvae and reporting their findings to local public health officials. This study aimed to identify factors related to the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dengue prevention behavior among these health volunteers.Methods: A study was conducted in 5 sub-districts in Malang, an urban area in Indonesia. We employed a cross-sectional design and utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the KAP of 400 health volunteers. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews.Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with a more positive attitude (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; p<0.05) and those with family sizes greater than five persons (OR, 1.90; p<0.05) were more likely to engage in effective dengue prevention practices. Additionally, possesing good knowledge was significantly assocated with more positive attitude (OR, 2.24; p<0.001). Furthermore, 40% reduction in positive attitude was observed in those over 45 years (OR, 0.60; p<0.05). The best practices most frequently reported by the majority of respondents included always reporting their surveillance activities (75.8%) and cleaning the water container in the bathroom at least once a week (65.2%). However, only 52.2% of respondents regularly checked for mosquito larvae in their neighborhood.Conclusions: Sustainable promotion and training for the “One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector” initiative are necessary, particularly among young health volunteers, to improve dengue prevention behaviors both within their own homes and in the surrounding environment.

Probiotics represent a promising alternative therapy for bacterial vaginosis; however, consensus on the most effective species, strains, and doses remains lacking, and long-term safety data are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics in managing bacterial vaginosis, considering species, strain, clinical outcomes, optimal dosage, duration, and side effects. This study included randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) published in English (2014–2024) on probiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis, assessing species, strain, dose, duration, and efficacy. A systematic search was conducted on December 20, 2024, in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed using the keywords "vaginosis," "bacterial vaginosis," and "probiotic." Data were extracted and synthesized, and study quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool, while NVivo 14 software facilitated thematic analysis. The systematic search yielded 1,560 initial records, of which 16 RCTs were included. The findings revealed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus TOM 22.8 (10×10⁹ CFU/day for 10 days) was the most effective strain and dose, significantly improving Nugent scores, vaginal pH, and microbiota composition and reducing bacterial vaginosis recurrence rate. Alternative strains, including L. crispatus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus, showed therapeutic potential at doses of 1×10⁸ to 5.4×10⁹ CFU/day for treatment durations ranging from 6 days to 4 months. The reported side effects were mild and self-limiting. This study supports the use of probiotics as an adjunctive or alternative bacterial vaginosis treatment, emphasizing the need for a personalized approach based on patient characteristics. However, limitations such as small sample sizes and heterogeneous outcome measures necessitate further research. Larger, well-designed trials with standardized methodologies are required to refine probiotic recommendations.

Protein is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of infants. Protein levels in lactating mothers are dynamic and influenced by various factors, particularly the environment and maternal characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the complex correlation between maternal blood lead levels (BLLs), maternal diet, and total milk protein. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare total milk protein in the three groups of lead exposure, while Spearman’s correlation was used to assess the correlation between maternal diet, BLLs, and total milk protein. The multivariate analysis used multiple linear regression. The results showed that the median of maternal BLLs and total milk protein were 3.3 µg/dL and 1.07 g/dL, respectively. Maternal protein intake and current BMI had a positive correlation with total milk protein, while BLLs had a negative correlation. BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL had the most significant impact on reducing the total milk protein (p = 0.032). However, increasing maternal protein intake can effectively maintain total milk protein levels in mothers with BLLs under 5 μg/dL (p < 0.001). It is crucial to measure BLLs in lactating mothers residing in areas exposed to lead because high maternal protein intake can only maintain total milk protein levels when the BLLs are <5 μg/dL.

Stunting—defined by the World Health Organization as a height-for-age z-score < −2 SD—signals chronic undernutrition that impairs both physical and cognitive development. This study investigates how the three pillars of food security (availability, access, utilization) influence stunting prevention efforts in the Bondowoso Regency, East Java, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey of 113 mothers of stunted children (0–59 months) was analysed with Structural Equation Modelling using Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The model reveals significant positive paths from food security pillars to composite stunting prevention behaviours (β = 0.18–0.86, p < 0.05), with availability emerging as the strongest predictor. These findings highlight food security as a lever for reducing the local stunting prevalence (local 32% vs. national 24.4%) and provide evidence for community-based nutrition programmes in similar agrarian districts. Strengthening food security is therefore essential to safeguarding child well-being in vulnerable Indonesian communities.

Objective: To prove 5-time sit-to-stand (5-STS) and 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS) tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic heart failure (HF) patients with systolic dysfunction. Alternative tests, such as 5-STS and 30sSTS, may be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with HF but have not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to prove 5-STS and 30sSTS tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done, evaluating chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction that have received optimal guideline directed medical treatment for at least 3 months. All patients underwent the same intervention on the same day, starting with an initial 5-STS test, followed by a 30sSTS, and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT).Results: A total of 34 patients were enrolled in this study. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 44% (interquartile range=34%–48%). Mean values of 5-STS, 30sSTS, and 6MWT were 13.90±4.72, 13.29±3.38, and 463.65±87.04, respectively. 5-STS showed moderate correlation with 6MWT (r=-0.436, p=0.01). However, the 30sSTS revealed strong correlation with 6MWT (r=0.629, p<0.001).Conclusion: The 30sSTS test had strong correlation with 6MWT. It could be used to illustrate cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.

Objectives: Prolactin is vital for breastfeeding and milk production, and its secretion is influenced by factors related to the mother, infant, and environment. To date, no study has concurrently investigated the correlation of these factors with serum prolactin levels during lactation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the correlations among maternal and infant factors, lead exposure, and serum prolactin levels during lactation.Methods: A cross-sectional approach was employed in Surabaya, Indonesia, among 110 exclusively lactating mothers. The mothers’ daily diets were determined using multiple 24-hour recalls, while blood lead levels were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum prolactin levels were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. For bivariate analysis, we employed the Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while for multivariate analysis, we utilized multiple linear regression.Results: The average serum prolactin level of the lactating mothers was 129.19±88.96 ng/mL. Positive correlations were found between serum prolactin levels and breastfeeding frequency (p < 0.001), protein intake (p < 0.001), and calcium intake (p = 0.011) but had negative correlation with blood lead levels (p < 0.001) and vitamin B6 intake (p = 0.003). Additionally, prolactin levels were not significantly associated with maternal age; parity; intake of calories, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, folic acid, magnesium, or iron; infant age; or infant sex.Conclusions: Breastfeeding frequency had a stronger positive relationship with serum prolactin levels than protein and calcium intake. However, lead exposure was associated with reduced serum prolactin levels during lactation. Consequently, specific interventions from policymakers are necessary to manage breastfeeding in mothers exposed to lead.