Background: Heterogeneity regarding dosimetry and reporting of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) mandates the development of a standardized protocol. This study presents the mid-term results of EVLA with 1940 nm-laser and radial-fibre, supported by a four-zone dosimetry tool. Materials and methods: Four anatomical dosimetry zones for great saphenous veins (GSV) and two for small saphenous veins (SSV) were defined with set power levels. Zone-1G (4 W) extended from the inguinal ligament to the apex of femoral triangle, Zone-2G (4 W) from the apex of femoral triangle to the upper border of patella. Zone-3G (3 W) from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. Zone-4G (2 W) extended from the tibial tuberosity to the ankle. Zone-1S from the sapheno-popliteal junction to the tibial tuberosity. Zone-2S from the tibial tuberosity to the ankle. Power was increased by 1 W for veins >10 mm and decreased by 1 W when fibre sticking was encountered. Pullback-velocity was max. 1 mm/s. Results: A total of 152 consecutive patients (185 procedures) were recruited. Mean follow-up time was 11.9 months. Mean linear endovenous energy density for GSV was Zone-1G:42 J/cm, Zone-2G:33 J/cm, Zone-3G:27 J/cm, Zone-4G:22 J/cm, Zone-1S:34 J/cm, Zone-2S:27 J/cm. Occlusion rates were 98.9% (1-month) and 93.7% (12-months). Complications at 1 M were low, namely laser-induced paraesthesia (LIP) 2.2% and endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) 1.6%. Persistent LIP (12 M) was observed in 0.5%. Conclusion: The proposed four-zone guiding tool is a step towards standardizing dosimetry and documentation for EVLA with 1940 nm. This strategy shows good mid-term results with minimal complications. Long-term follow-up and application in further centres are necessary to prove its reproducibility. Such a guiding tool could improve the ability to analyse, compare and review different EVLA wavelengths and fibre types.

Ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) is a rare thromboembolic condition. It involves the right ovarian vein in 7080 of cases. The risk factors for the development of OVT are pregnancy or puerperium, hormone therapy with estrogen, recent surgery or hospitalization, malignancy, pelvic inflammatory diseases, thrombophilia and idiopathic OVT. We present a rare case of left OVT in a young, non-pregnant woman in her 30s. A high degree of suspicion is necessitated in patients with the triad of young-middle-aged female, pain abdomen in lower quadrant and hematuria to diagnose OVT. Contrast enhanced computer tomography (CT-venography) is the diagnostic modality of choice. The patient was initially treated with low molecular weight heparin and then switched to direct oral anticoagulants. At 6-monthsfollow-up the patient was free from any symptoms.

Background: We present our experience of carrying out endovascular therapy (EVT) of a pseudo-aneurysm of the posterior tibial artery (PTA) with an associated arteriovenous fistula (AVF). We also present results of a systematic review which was carried out to cast light on endovascular treatment modalities. Methods: A 31-year-old patient with a history of war trauma presented with pain of increasing severity in the lower leg. A CT angiogram confirmed an aneurysm of the PTA with an AVF. With a bidirectional endovascular approach, the aneurysm was occluded with coils and excluded with a Viabahn endoprosthesis. Aspirin and clopidogrel were recommended postoperatively. After 18 months of follow-up, the patient was free of symptoms, with patent endoprosthesis. Multiple databases (Scopus, Pubmed, Medline, OVID) were systematically searched using MeSH terms. The studies were scrutinized, and data on demographics, procedural details, and follow-up were collected and aggregated. Results: A total of 44 studies (56 patients) were eligible and were included. Average age was 50 (15–87 years). The most common etiology was trauma (iatrogenic 29/56 (51.7%); non-iatrogenic 15/56 (26.7%)). EVT strategies included coil embolization (n = 29), stent implantation (n = 25), and a combination of both (n = 2). Median stent diameter was 3 mm (2.5–6). The follow-up period ranged from 1 week to 60 months. Aggregated reported primary patency was 18/27 (66.6%) with no documented complications—an observation that likely reflects reporting and publication bias, rather than a true absence of adverse events. Conclusions: EVT offers a feasible and safe alternative to simple ligation or occlusion of crural aneurysms, to preserve distal flow to the foot. Dedicated stents for crural arteries are not available. Studies with long-term follow-up are lacking.

Truncal vein insufficiency can be treated with endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA), non-thermal non-tumescent techniques, ultrasound-guided foam or microfoam sclerotherapy, and high ligation with stripping. However, the optimal management of large-diameter truncal veins remains unclear. This structured review summarizes treatment outcomes in large-diameter incompetent truncal veins and compares available modalities according to vein diameter, anatomical success, recurrence, reintervention, and complications. A PubMed/MEDLINE search was performed for studies published between January 2000 and June 2026. Studies were eligible if they specifically evaluated incompetent great saphenous veins, small saphenous veins, or accessory saphenous veins described as large-diameter, large-caliber, very large, enlarged, or wide-diameter truncal veins. Twenty-three primary studies met the inclusion criteria. Definitions of large-diameter veins varied widely, ranging from >8 mm to >20 mm. EVTA represented the largest evidence base and generally showed high anatomical success, with most studies reporting occlusion, recurrence-free, or recanalization-free rates above 90%. Foam-based treatment, cyanoacrylate closure, and mechanochemical ablation were supported by fewer large-vein-specific studies, and durability in larger veins remains less certain. High ligation and stripping showed low recurrence or residual stump rates in selected comparative studies, but outcome definitions differed from endovenous occlusion endpoints. Current evidence supports individualized treatment selection based on vein diameter, anatomy, tortuosity, reflux pattern, and expected durability. Dedicated randomized trials using standardized diameter definitions and outcome reporting are needed.