Reducing nitrogen fertilizer application, selecting a reasonable planting density, and adding silicon fertilizer can be used together to decrease excessive nitrogen fertilizer inputs in rice fields, reduce production costs, and ensure stable rice yield. However, the dynamics of the stem and internodes, as well as the changes in the physical and physiological characteristics of rice under a combination of these three strategies, are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify these effects to improve the efficiency of rice production in northeastern China. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using five treatments: a conventional densification treatment (DM), a densification combined with reduced N input (−20%) treatment (DLM), and three densifications combined with reduced N input (−20%) and basal silicon fertilizer treatments (low fertilizer: DLMS1; medium fertilizer: DLMS2; and high fertilizer: DLMS3). This study revealed that the addition of silicon fertilizer improved rice yield compared to that under reduced nitrogen or increased density treatments alone, prevented excessive ineffective tillering after a density increase, and increased the number of productive panicles. Among the treatments, the DLMS3 treatment had the highest yields of 10.53 t/ha and 10.73 t/ha over the 2 years. Reducing nitrogen and increasing density reduced the weight and length of single panicles, while the addition of silicon fertilizer was beneficial for improving stem toughness, improving the physical and physiological characteristics of the plants and panicles, and enhancing plant bending resistance. Among the treatments, DLMS3 had the highest bending resistance, which increased by 440.1 g and 503.8 g compared to the lowest values in the DM treatment in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Nitrogen reduction resulted in the lowest lodging index values, with DLMS3 having the lowest values in both years, which decreased by 19.6% and 22.5% compared to the highest values in DM (2020) and DLM (2021), respectively. This study indicates that the application of 150.0 kg/ha silicon fertilizer in combination with reduced nitrogen and increased density (DLMS3) reduces the lodging index while ensuring rice yield, preventing a tradeoff between yield reduction and lodging due to a density increase or due to nitrogen reduction combined with a density increase and allowing for a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer input, which could ensure a uniform yield and an increase in lodging resistance. These results provide a scientific basis for rice cultivation measures that lead to high yield and lodging resistance while protecting the environment.

Mechanical transplanting has become an important part of modern Chinese rice production, and an inadequate sowing rate severely inhibits rice seedling growth and development. Precision drill sowing is an effective method for obtaining higher quality seedlings during machine transplanting. There is a lack of systematic research on the precision drilling of rice. Therefore, we carried out research on the quality of machine-transplanted seedlings and precision drill sowing transplantation. A greenhouse experiment (Liaoning Rice Research Institute) and field experiment (Sujiatun District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China) were conducted between 2020 and 2021 to analyze the influence of precision drill sowing on rice growth and yield. Precision drill sowing was conducted at four sowing rates (3400, 3600, 3800, and 4000 seeds/tray), and traditional broadcasting was also conducted at a sowing rate of 4000 seeds/tray. We evaluated the seedling rice quality, physiological and biochemical characteristics and transplanting quantity. The results indicated that precision drill sowing at a sowing rate of 3400 seeds/tray resulted in the highest plumpness value (0.18) and seedling strength index (0.42) of individual plants. However, the empty hill rate was as high as 3.05%, which did not satisfy the field seedling number requirement. Precision drill sowing at a sowing rate of 4000 seeds/tray resulted in the lowest physiological (the average levels of SOD, POD and soluble protein were 311.78 µg/g, 8.25 µg/g and 1.28 µg/g) and biochemical indices of individual plants. The damaged seedling rate increased by 2.07%, and the dead seedling rate increased by 0.25%, resulting in poor seedling and transplanting quality. In this study, 3800 seeds/tray was the best option and had the highest yields of 10,776.60 kg/ha and 10,730.85 kg/ha over the two years. This sowing approach performs well in terms of field transplanting, provides a balance point between seedling number and quality and is conducive to rice yield production. The results of this study are important for improving rice seedling quality, enhancing field transplanting quantity and increasing rice yield and food security.

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish a mechanized rice production technique that simultaneously increases grain yield and reduces harvest loss. Methods: Large-scale field trials were conducted comparing two planting methods, the traditional farmers’ equal−row spacing method (FM) and the wide−narrow row spacing method (WNM), and investigated their effects on yield, yield components, plant uniformity at maturity, mechanical harvest loss, and varietal performance. Results: The results demonstrate that WNM enhances yield through two complementary mechanisms. First, it significantly increases the number of productive panicles per unit area, with the high−yield cultivar Lijiang 419 exhibiting a greater response (average yield increasing of 5.5%). Second, WNM markedly reduces mechanical harvest loss by decreasing panicle dropping. The wider row spacing of WNM (36 cm vs. 30 cm in FM) provides larger corridors for the combine header, minimizing incidental contact with adjacent plants and thereby reducing dropped panicles. Additionally, WNM improves panicle neck height uniformity by 4.7–5.0%, ensuring that more panicles are positioned above the cutting height and further mitigating losses. Conclusion: Consequently, the integration of optimized agronomic practices (WNM) with suitable machinery effectively boosts both yield and harvest efficiency, making WNM a promising planting pattern for mechanized rice production areas seeking high yield and low loss.

Grain filling is a critical stage for yield formation and quality development in rice (Oryza sativa L.), particularly in fragrant cultivars where aroma is associated with the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). This study evaluated the effects of different nitrogen application rates on grain-filling dynamics, 2AP accumulation, yield, and grain quality in indica fragrant rice. Field experiments were conducted under varying nitrogen levels, and grain-filling parameters were analyzed in relation to 2AP content across different panicle positions. Nitrogen application significantly influenced grain-filling characteristics and 2AP accumulation, with both low and high nitrogen rates promoting higher 2AP levels. Grains located at the bottom of the panicle exhibited higher 2AP content and were positively associated with grain-filling rates, while additional correlations were observed between grain-filling parameters and panicle position. Increased nitrogen application also improved grain yield, processing quality, and nutritional attributes. Overall, a nitrogen rate of 315 kg ha−1 was associated with improved fragrance, yield, and grain quality, likely due to enhanced grain-filling dynamics. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution, as the study did not account for nitrogen application timing, genetic variability among cultivars, or environmental variation across growing conditions.