Inflammaging and immunosenescence are associated with aging of the human body, but there are key differences between them. Immunosenescence aims to adapt the body systems to aging, while inflammaging is considered a consequence of immunosenescence. There has been much research in the area of immunosenescence and inflammaging recently, yet our understanding of aging and the ability to develop interventions to decrease the harmful effect of aging on the human body is insufficient. This review is focused on immunosenescence and inflammaging processes in the skin. We aimed to identify factors that influence inflammaging, skin aging, and their mechanisms. We discussed the role of triggering factors (e.g., UV radiations, changes in bioavailability of nitric oxide, senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, and reactive oxygen species) and inhibiting factors that can potentially be used as anti-aging treatments, as well as the idea of geroprotectors and senotherapeutics. We concluded that while knowledge on external factors can help people to improve their health conditions, knowledge on biochemical factors can help researchers to understand inflammaging process and develop interventions to minimize the impact of aging on the human body. Further research is needed to better understand the role of factors that can slow down or accelerate inflammaging.

Although interest in aesthetic medicine is growing, the focus is often placed outside of the facial area, namely on the skin of the neck and cleavage. Exposure to the sun and muscle movements cause the prompt development of wrinkles that may appear there, even before they show up on the face. We conducted a literature review devoted to micro-needling to identify its role in anti-ageing treatments and to determine the gaps in current knowledge. A search in Medline identified 52 publications for neck and face micro-needling. Micro-needling is an anti-ageing procedure that involves making micro-punctures in the skin to induce skin remodelling by stimulating the fibroblasts responsible for collagen and elastin production. It can be applied to the skin of the face, neck, and cleavage. Two to four weeks should be allowed between repeated procedures to achieve an optimal effect. The increase in collagen and elastin in the skin can reach 400% after 6 months, with an increase in the thickness of the stratum granulosum occurring for up to 1 year. In conclusion, micro-needling can be considered an effective and safe aesthetic medicine procedure which is conducted at low costs due to its low invasiveness, low number of adverse reactions, and short recovery time. Little evidence identified in the literature suggests that this procedure requires further research.

Objectives: Microneedling is a minimally invasive procedure intended to improve skin quality through controlled mechanical stimulation of the dermis; however, objective data on its effects remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate regional changes in skin hydration and firmness after a series of microneedling treatments of the neck and décolleté using corneometry, indentometry, and patient-reported outcomes. Methods: The study included 30 female patients who underwent three microneedling sessions performed at 4-week intervals. Instrumental measurements (corneometry and indentometry) and photographic documentation were obtained before treatment initiation and 4 weeks after completion of the treatment series. Statistical analysis included linear mixed models (LMMs), Spearman’s rank correlation, and Friedman’s test for repeated measurements. Results: Microneedling produced heterogeneous responses depending on anatomical location. In corneometry analyses excluding the control point, a significant increase in hydration was observed only at point 4, while no significant changes were detected at the remaining treatment sites. Similarly, indentometry demonstrated a localized improvement in firmness exclusively at point 4, reflected by decreased indentation values after treatment. In models including the control point, no generalized time effect was observed for either corneometry or indentometry; however, significant effects of anatomical location and location-by-time interactions persisted, indicating site-dependent variability in treatment response. Age was not associated with global treatment outcomes; however, a significant age-by-location interaction was identified for indentometry. No significant correlations were found between objective instrumental measurements and subjective assessments of hydration or firmness, despite most participants reporting perceived clinical improvement. Additionally, the depth at which pinpoint bleeding occurred increased significantly across subsequent treatment sessions. Conclusions: Microneedling of the neck and décolleté resulted in localized rather than generalized instrumental skin changes, with treatment response strongly influenced by anatomical location. Objective measurements did not correlate with patient-reported improvement, highlighting the complexity of assessing esthetic treatment outcomes. However, the results should be treated cautiously due to the exploratory nature of this study.