Dairy production systems play a fundamental role in the agricultural industry. These systems not only focus on the production of dairy products, but also address critical issues related to environmental sustainability and economic stability. This study focuses on evaluating the viability of a self-sustainable dairy production system in the Mata Redonda sector of the province of Carchi. Surveys, interviews and statistical analyses were used, and the population studied is located in the rural municipality of Chitán de Navarretes. The results show that self sustainable dairy production systems can effectively address the environmental, social and economic challenges associated with traditional dairy production. They also promote fair labor practices and contribute to local economic development. The 5-year financial analysis showed encouraging results. Using a discount rate of 5%, the Net Present Value (NPV) is estimated to be $8,311.27, representing the profit after initial investment and financing costs. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 10.2% indicates that the project will break even and start generating profits in 3 years. The Return on Investment (ROI) of approximately 22.45% indicates a potentially profitable investment. In summary, this study highlights the feasibility of implementing a selfsustainable dairy production system in the Carchi region. The results support the adoption of more sustainable approaches in the dairy industry and provide practical guidance to promote sustainable dairy production.

Ecuador perdió la soberanía de desarrollar una política monetaria integral a partir de la dolarización, el presente artículo analiza esta evolución en el país entre los años 2000 y 2016 para lo cual se toma como base la Política Monetaria Moderna y Keynesiana, analizando las condiciones que llevaron a la adopción de la dolarización la inflación, desempleo y caída de los precios del Petróleo. Se analiza los instrumentos monetarios para el encaje legal el mismo que al disminuir hace que los bancos dispongan de mayor dinero para ser puesto en circulación, el dinero electrónico surge con poca fuerza y no tiene confianza en la población, además al tener un Banco Central que no tiene la potestad para emitir moneda, teóricamente la política monetaria se ve anulada pero Carrasco (2016, p. 15) señala el manejo de la estabilidad monetaria no se limita únicamente a la creación de la misma, sino también al control de otros instrumentos necesarios para lograr la liquidez de la economía nacional. Palabras clave: Liquidez monetaria, dolarización, encaje legal, dinero electrónico. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/659

Climatic variability can modify milk production through direct and indirect pathways, yet monthly farm time series also exhibit temporal dependence. A longitudinal, observational, single-case study was conducted in the San Francisco dairy system, Carchi, Ecuador, from March 2019 to December 2024. Of 70 calendar months, 64 had complete analytical information, and 58 were eligible for two-lag models. Ten model specifications were compared based on model fit, information criteria, residual diagnostics, seasonality assessment, and temporal validation. Mean daily milk production was 233.49 ± 47.90 L day⁻¹. The selected model was a second-order autoregressive model with a calendar trend and mean temperature at t − 2 (adjusted R2 = 0.827; Akaike information criterion = 519.52; Bayesian information criterion = 529.83; root mean squared error = 19.56 L day⁻¹). The temperature coefficient was 10.844 L day⁻¹ °C⁻¹ (p < 0.001 with robust standard errors). Annual harmonic terms did not improve model fit, and precipitation at t − 1 yielded only marginal improvement. The number of cows in production varied across 54 months (26.02 ± 4.11; range: 18–37). The observed temperature association should be interpreted at the system level; it does not demonstrate direct causality or individual cow productivity and requires external validation.