Poor data availability on soil hydraulic properties in tropical regions hampers many studies, including crop and environmental modeling. The high cost and effort of measurement and the increasing demand for such data have driven researchers to search for alternative approaches. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are predictive functions used to estimate soil properties by easily measurable soil parameters. PTFs are popular in temperate regions, but few attempts have been made to develop PTFs in tropical regions. Regression approaches are widely used to develop PTFs worldwide, and recently a few attempts were made using machine learning methods. PTFs for tropical Sri Lankan soils have already been developed using classical multiple linear regression approaches. However, no attempts were made to use machine learning approaches. This study aimed to determine the applicability of machine learning algorithms in developing PTFs for tropical Sri Lankan soils. We tested three machine learning algorithms (artificial neural networks (ANN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and random forest (RF)) with three different input combination (sand, silt, and clay (SSC) percentages; SSC and bulk density (BD); SSC, BD, and organic carbon (OC)) to estimate volumetric water content (VWC) at −10 kPa, −33 kPa (representing field capacity (FC); however, most studies in Sri Lanka use −33 kPa as the FC) and −1500 kPa (representing the permanent wilting point (PWP)) of Sri Lankan soils. This analysis used the open-source data mining software in the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis. Using a wrapper approach and best-first search method, we selected the most appropriate inputs to develop PTFs using different machine learning algorithms and input levels. We developed PTFs to estimate FC and PWP and compared them with the previously reported PTFs for tropical Sri Lankan soils. We found that RF was the best algorithm to develop PTFs for tropical Sri Lankan soils. We tried to further the development of PTFs by adding volumetric water content at −10 kPa as an input variable because it is quite an easily measurable parameter compared to the other targeted VWCs. With the addition of VWC at −10 kPa, all machine learning algorithms boosted the performance. However, RF was the best. We studied the functionality of finetuned PTFs and found that they can estimate the available water content of Sri Lankan soils as well as measurements-based calculations. We identified RF as a robust alternative to linear regression methods in developing PTFs to estimate field capacity and the permanent wilting point of tropical Sri Lankan soils. With those findings, we recommended that PTFs be developed using the RF algorithm in the related software to make up for the data gaps present in tropical regions.

Crop monitoring with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has the potential to reduce field monitoring costs while increasing monitoring frequency and improving efficiency. However, the utilization of RGB-based UAV imagery for crop-specific monitoring, especially for sugarcane, remains limited. This work proposes a UAV platform with an RGB camera as a low-cost solution to monitor sugarcane fields, complementing the commonly used multi-spectral methods. This new approach optimizes the RGB vegetation indices for accurate prediction of sugarcane growth, providing many improvements in scalable crop-management methods. The images were captured by a DJI Mavic Pro drone. Four RGB vegetation indices (VIs) (GLI, VARI, GRVI, and MGRVI) and the crop surface model plant height (CSM_PH) were derived from the images. The fractional vegetation cover (FVC) values were compared by image classification. Sugarcane plant height predictions were generated using two machine learning (ML) algorithms—multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF)—which were compared across five predictor combinations (CSM_PH and four VIs). At the early stage, all VIs showed significantly lower values than later stages (p < 0.05), indicating an initial slow progression of crop growth. MGRVI achieved a classification accuracy of over 94% across all growth phases, outperforming traditional indices. Based on the feature rankings, VARI was the least sensitive parameter, showing the lowest correlation (r < 0.5) and mutual information (MI < 0.4). The results showed that the RF and MLR models provided better predictions for plant height. The best estimation results were observed withthe combination of CSM_PH and GLI utilizing RF model (R² = 0.90, RMSE = 0.37 m, MAE = 0.27 m, and AIC = 21.93). This study revealed that VIs and the CSM_PH derived from RGB images captured by UAVs could be useful in monitoring sugarcane growth to boost crop productivity.

Climate change may harm the growth and yield of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) without the introduction of appropriate irrigation facilities. Therefore, new irrigation methods should be developed to maximize water use efficiency and reduce operational costs. OPSIS (optimized subsurface irrigation system) is a new solar-powered automatic subsurface irrigation system that creates a phreatic zone below crop roots and relies on capillarity to supply water to the root zone. It is designed for upland crops such as sugarcane. We investigated the performance of OPSIS for irrigating sugarcane and evaluated its performance against sprinkler irrigation under subtropical conditions. We conducted field experiments in Okinawa, Japan, over the period from 2013 to 2016 and took measurements during spring- and summer-planted main crops and two ratoon crops of the spring-planted crop. Compared with sprinkler irrigation, OPSIS produced a significantly higher fresh cane yield, consumed less irrigation water and provided a higher irrigation water use efficiency. We conclude that OPSIS could be adopted as a sustainable solution to sugarcane irrigation in Okinawa and similar environments.

The tank cascade system (TCS) has been used for over 2000 years for water management in Sri Lanka. Since surface water is limited in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, agricultural production, especially of upland crops, relies on groundwater for irrigation. We sampled 29 wells in the Ulagalla cascade, a prominent TCS near Anuradhapura city in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, in Yala (dry) and Maha (wet) seasons, the two main cropping seasons in Sri Lanka. We evaluated the suitability of groundwater for irrigation using the analytic hierarchy process and geographical information system. Water quality did not vary notably between seasons. However, it deteriorated with the onset of high intensity heavy rain, especially during the Maha season. A water quality zoning map indicated that groundwater in 4% and 96% of the study area is suitable and moderately suitable for irrigation, respectively. Irrigation water quality in tank cascade landscapes and similar environments can be assessed using this methodology and our results.

Technologies that ensure the availability of water for crops need to be developed in order for agriculture to be sustainable in the face of climate change. Irrigation is costly, so technologies need to be improved or newly developed, not only with the aim of the sustainable use of precious water resources, but also with the aim of reducing associated labor and energy costs, which lead to higher production costs. OPSIS (optimized subsurface irrigation system) is a super water-saving subsurface irrigation system developed to irrigate upland crops by soil capillarity. It is an environmentally-friendly, solar-powered automatic irrigation method with minimum energy consumption and operational costs. In soils vulnerable to drought damage, OPSIS can outperform other irrigation methods. This technical note introduces OPSIS.

Groundwater pollution by nitrate leaching from sugarcane fields in Okinawa is recognized as a critical issue. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) has the potential to reduce N leaching from cropping systems. The study focused on confirming the effectiveness of CRF at balancing sugarcane yield and reducing nitrate leaching from sugarcane fields via a water footprint (WF) approach. A lysimeter study was conducted using four treatments: (i) bare land, (ii) P and K fertilization without N, (iii) urea fertilization, and (iv) CRF application. According to the results, for both plant cane and ratoon, the total sugarcane dry weight obtained for CRF was higher compared to urea application. The cumulative nitrate-N leaching of the plant cane season for all treatments was higher than of the ratoon season. For the total crop cycle (plant cane plus ratoon), heavier nitrate-N leaching was observed in the urea-applied condition than in the CRF-applied condition. For both crop seasons, the total sugarcane WF of the CRF application (plant cane: 192.33 m³/t, ratoon: 190.47 m³/t) was lower than that of the urea application (plant cane: 233.47 m³/t, ratoon: 237.59 m³/t). WF values indicated that the CRF application had a lower impact on the groundwater of the area.