In order to attain an efficient path into the enhancement of the sustainable conservation and management of energy resources in the buildings and residential sections, efforts by all relevant institutions in the area of energy are essential and primitive. Hence, the development of the energy supply model in the building and the provision of fundamental solutions in this area is rudimentary. The key to any program related to this matter is to boost and extend energy efficiency and energy resource management. According to the global statistics and processed data, the residential sector accounts for 34 percent of the total energy consumption in Iran, which is the highest energy consumption compared to all existing sectors; therefore, immeasurable research has been done on optimizing energy usage in the building sector. One of the most efficient energy optimization methods can be achieved by using energy storage materials in the outer walls of the buildings. In this project, a research‐based residential building is considered as a case to investigate for energy optimization. In the first stage, the building is simulated and the energy consumption of the building is measured. Afterward, with actual measurements, real consumption is approximated and compared with the results of the software. After verifying the software data, the insulation is simulated in the software and the outcomes of using this insulator are investigated to reduce energy consumption. Energy storage materials are considered as a type of phase‐change material. These materials have the same characteristics which is having a different melting point and, by capturing and losing heat at design temperatures, they can help maintain energy inside the building that is how they can be considered as an insulator. Within the appropriate software which is Design‐Builder, miscellaneous types of these materials are available with various features. The final results point out that the use of this material saves up to 30% of the heating energy and about 8% in the cooling load of the building.

The effect of sudden variations in working modes and fatigue behavior of CS 1018 is studied. A general model based on the framework of the fracture fatigue entropy (FFE) concept is developed to capture such changes. Fully reversed bending tests are performed on flat dog bone specimens with a series of variable frequency tests without turning the machine off to simulate fluctuating working conditions. The results are then post-processed and analyzed to assess how fatigue life changes when a component is subjected to sudden changes in multiple frequencies. It is demonstrated that regardless of the frequency changes, FFE remains constant and stays within a narrow band range, similar to that of a constant frequency.

A reliable technique for rapid prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of components experiencing fatigue degradation is introduced. The approach is based on measuring the temperature signature of a component upon rapidly changing its operating frequency for a short period of time. The temperature variations caused by alterations in plastic work rate are correlated to the loading history. The efficacy of the approach is investigated by conducting a series of axial fatigue tests on stainless steel 316 specimens. The material characterization involves subjecting the material to a constant amplitude fatigue load at 4 Hz and 12 Hz frequencies. The operating frequency is temporarily adjusted to the characterization frequencies for a brief duration. During this period, the change in the slope of temperature rise is recorded. Subsequently, the operation frequency is reverted to its original state, and the remaining useful life is predicted based on the recorded data. The model provides predictions for operation frequencies of 6 Hz, 8 Hz, and 12 Hz, and notably, the error of predictions is consistently under 12% for all cases. The method allows the operator to reliably estimate the remaining usefulness for field applications without interrupting the operation.

This study investigates the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel produced via selective laser melting (SLM) within an entropy-generation framework for fatigue evaluation. Flat dog-bone specimens with thicknesses of 2 mm and 3 mm were fabricated using optimized SLM process parameters, determined based on monotonic mechanical properties, and subsequently tested under cyclic loading at various stress amplitudes and frequencies. The fatigue performance of AM specimens was compared with that of conventionally manufactured (CM) 316L stainless steel to provide a comparative assessment of fatigue behavior influenced by manufacturing-induced features. Surface temperature evolution during cyclic loading was monitored using infrared thermography and analyzed through multiple thermodynamic approaches—including the self-heating rate (R _θ ), cooling rate (R _c ), hysteresis loop analysis, and a two-dimensional inverse heat conduction procedure—to compute the fracture fatigue entropy (FFE). The results reveal that AM specimens exhibit lower fatigue resistance and shorter fatigue lives than their CM counterparts, mainly due to the presence of porosity, lack of fusion, and residual-stress-induced anisotropy, which promote early crack initiation and multi-site failure. Despite differences in loading conditions, the FFE for AM specimens remained nearly constant, within 1.0–1.6 MJ/(m ³ K), confirming that fatigue failure occurs at a critical cumulative entropy level independent of frequency or R-ratio. In contrast, CM 316L specimens exhibited significantly higher FFE values—ranging from 11.3 to 13.5 MJ/(m ³ K) with an average of ≈ 13 MJ/(m ³ K)—reflecting their superior microstructural integrity. These findings highlight that the additive manufacturing process must be carefully controlled to avoid poor fatigue properties.