Background: Obesity poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating effective prevention and treatment strategies. Exercise and diet are recognized as pivotal interventions in combating obesity. This study reviews the literature concerning the impact of exercise‐induced cytokines, dietary factors, and inflammation on adipose tissue metabolism, shedding light on potential pathways for therapeutic intervention.Methodology: A comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted to elucidate the role of exercise‐induced cytokines, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐15 (IL‐15), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin (FST), and angiopoietin‐like 4 (ANGPTL4), in adipose tissue metabolism. Various databases were systematically searched using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies. Articles selected for inclusion underwent thorough analysis to extract pertinent data on the mechanisms underlying the influence of these cytokines on adipose tissue metabolism.Results and Discussion: Exercise‐induced cytokines exert profound effects on adipose tissue metabolism, influencing energy expenditure (EE), thermogenesis, fat loss, and adipogenesis. For instance, IL‐6 activates AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. IL‐15 upregulates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta (PPARδ), stimulating fatty acid catabolism and suppressing lipogenesis. BDNF enhances AMPK‐dependent fat oxidation, while irisin induces the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), augmenting thermogenesis. Moreover, myostatin, FGF21, FST, and ANGPTL4 each play distinct roles in modulating adipose tissue metabolism, impacting factors such as fatty acid oxidation, adipogenesis, and lipid uptake. The elucidation of these pathways offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between exercise, cytokines, and adipose tissue metabolism, thereby informing the development of targeted obesity management strategies.Conclusion: Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise‐induced cytokines regulate adipose tissue metabolism is critical for devising effective obesity prevention and treatment modalities. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of exercise‐induced cytokines, in conjunction with dietary interventions, holds promise for mitigating the global burden of obesity. Further research is warranted to delineate the precise mechanisms underlying the interactions between exercise, cytokines, and adipose tissue metabolism.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms.Aims: We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF.Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science.Results: The two Food and Drug Administration‐approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials.Conclusions: The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations.

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health issue with a rising incidence of cardiovascular, renal, ketoacidosis, and cutaneous consequences. This rising pandemic affects over 415 million people globally, with a large percentage diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes is projected to triple by 2040, straining global healthcare systems. Malaysia anticipates 21.6% diabetes prevalence by 2020, including a notable portion of T1D cases. Inflammation and oxidative stress underlie T2D development and its consequences. Obesity increases pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, which can lead to insulin resistance and T2D. In T1D and T2D, inflammation and oxidative stress can destroy pancreatic beta cells. Cardiovascular complications in T2D are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Insulin therapy, a significant diabetes breakthrough, poses challenges in maintaining tight glycemic control without hypoglycemia and weight gain, revealing an unmet need in diabetes care. Methods: This review centres on the premise that, despite the pivotal role of insulin therapy in diabetes care, it possesses limitations. The pursuit of stringent glycemic control, a cornerstone in averting diabetes-related complications, can, at times, be overshadowed by the specter of hypoglycemia—a potentially life-threatening condition. In light of these hurdles, the quest for alternative approaches or adjuncts to insulin therapy becomes imperative. Overcoming the constraints of insulin treatment mandates the development of innovative strategies. Conclusions: This review explores alternative biological methods aimed at delivering safer and more effective means of achieving optimal glycemic control while circumventing the drawbacks of conventional insulin administration.

Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, and consequent leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects around 2.5 million individuals worldwide, is the leading cause of neurological impairment in young adults, and can have a variety of progressions and consequences. Despite significant discoveries in immunology and molecular biology, the root cause of MS is still not fully understood, as do the immunological triggers and causative pathways. Recent research into vascular anomalies associated with MS suggests that a vascular component may be pivotal to the etiology of MS, and there can be actually a completely new entity in the already available classification of MS, which can be called ‘vascular multiple sclerosis’. Unlike the usual other causes of MS, vascular MS is not dependent on autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms, instead, it is caused due to the blood vessels pathology. This review aims to thoroughly analyze existing information and updates about the scattered available findings of genetics, pro-angiogenetic factors, and vascular abnormalities in this important spectrum, the vascular facets of MS.

Juvenile multiple sclerosis (JMS) is a rare but significant subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS) that affects a small percentage of patients under the age of 10 and 3–5% of all MS patients. Despite its rarity, JMS poses unique challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and management, as it can significantly impact a child or adolescent’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. JMS presents with a varying spectrum of signs and symptoms such as coordination difficulties and permanent cognitive dysfunctions and may include atypical clinical features such as seizures, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and optic neuritis, making diagnostic evaluations challenging. Whilst the biology of JMS shares similarities with adult-onset MS, there exist notable distinctions in disease progression, clinical manifestations, and ultimate prognoses. The International Pediatric MS Study Group (IPMSSG) was founded in 2005 to improve understanding of JMS, but there remains a lack of knowledge and guidelines on the management of this condition. This review summarizes the current knowledge on JMS, including its epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, current treatment options, and outcomes. Current treatment options for JMS include disease-modifying therapies, but JMS can also result in impaired quality of life and psychiatric comorbidity, highlighting the need for comprehensive care for affected children. Through gathering and analyzing scattered studies and recent updates on JMS, the authors aim to address the gaps in current knowledge on JMS and provide an improved understanding of appropriate care for affected children. By doing so, this review hopes to contribute to improving the quality of life and outcomes for JMS patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) share the symptom of fatigue, and might even coexist together. Specifically focusing on genetics, pathophysiology, and neuroimaging data, the authors discuss an overview of the parallels, correlation, and differences in fatigue between MS and ME/CFS along with ME/CFS presence in MS. Studies have revealed that the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia regions, which are involved in fatigue regulation, have similar neuroimaging findings in the brains of people with both MS and ME/CFS. Additionally, in both conditions, genetic factors have been implicated, with particular genes known to enhance susceptibility to MS and CFS. Management approaches for fatigue in MS and ME/CFS differ based on the underlying factors contributing to fatigue. The authors also focus on the recent updates and the relationship between MS and sleep disorders, including restless legs syndrome, focusing on pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches. Latest therapeutic approaches like supervised physical activity and moderate-intensity exercises have shown better outcomes.