Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to the damages to the liver and its functions due to alcohol overconsumption. It consists of fatty liver/steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease are extremely complicated due to the involvement of immune cells, adipose tissues, and genetic diversity. Clinically, the diagnosis of ALD is not yet well developed. Therefore, the number of patients in advanced stages has increased due to the failure of proper early detection and treatment. At present, abstinence and nutritional therapy remain the conventional therapeutic interventions for ALD. Moreover, the therapies which target the TNF receptor superfamily, hormones, antioxidant signals, and MicroRNAs are used as treatments for ALD. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target of ALD. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the current understandings of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ALD. Moreover, we also discuss the various existing treatment strategies while focusing on promising therapeutic approaches for ALD.

Recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, along with advances in neurological and other biomedical research, have increased the use of non-human primates (NHPs) as preclinical models. Their close phylogenetic and physiological similarities to humans make them valuable for translational research, especially during public health emergencies. However, NHPs can harbor a wide range of viral pathogens, some of which pose zoonotic risks and may compromise animal health and experimental reproducibility. Therefore, quarantine procedures, pathogen surveillance, and biosecurity programs are essential for the safe and reliable use of NHPs in research. Despite this need, comprehensive reviews linking national quarantine policies with the biological and epidemiological characteristics of major viral pathogens and their relevance to disease surveillance and control remain limited. This review compares national quarantine frameworks for NHPs, examines pathogen-specific features, and discusses their implications for quarantine and surveillance. We emphasize the need for an integrated, risk-based approach incorporating longitudinal microbiological monitoring, multimodal diagnostic assessment, facility-level response procedures, occupational health preparedness, and internationally harmonized quarantine standards.