In recent years, the broadening understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) has led to the development of novel therapeutic molecules, that target core inflammatory components of the disease. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) pathway constitutes the principal signaling cascade for a large number of cytokines and growth factors and is involved in intracellular signal transduction and subsequent regulation of gene transcription. Current knowledge suggests that the robust activation of the T-helper (Th)-2 [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31] and Th22 (IL-22) immune responses in both skin and serum plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of AD especially at the acute stage, followed by a variable degree of Th1 (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha) and Th17 (IL-17) activation in chronic disease. Of note, most of the aforementioned inflammatory cytokines utilize the JAK/STAT pathway for downstream signal transduction, explaining the emerging role of JAK inhibitors in the therapeutic armamentarium of AD. The present systematic review aims to discuss the involvement of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathogenesis of AD and summarize the clinical data available on the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors which have been used in the treatment of AD thus far.

Background: Anogenital warts (AGW) can cause economic burden on healthcare systems and are associated with emotional, psychological and physical issues.Objective: To provide guidance to physicians on the diagnosis and management of AGW.Methods: Fourteen global experts on AGW developed guidance on the diagnosis and management of AGW in an effort to unify international recommendations. Guidance was developed based on published international and national AGW guidelines and an evaluation of relevant literature published up to August 2016. Authors provided expert opinion based on their clinical experiences.Results: A checklist for a patient's initial consultation is provided to help physicians when diagnosing AGW to get the relevant information from the patient in order to manage and treat the AGW effectively. A number of frequently asked questions are also provided to aid physicians when communicating with patients about AGW. Treatment of AGW should be individualized and selected based on the number, size, morphology, location, and keratinization of warts, and whether they are new or recurrent. Different techniques can be used to treat AGW including ablation, immunotherapy and other topical therapies. Combinations of these techniques are thought to be more effective at reducing AGW recurrence than monotherapy. A simplified algorithm was created suggesting patients with 1–5 warts should be treated with ablation followed by immunotherapy. Patients with >5 warts should use immunotherapy for 2 months followed by ablation and a second 2‐month course of immunotherapy. Guidance for daily practice situations and the subsequent action that can be taken, as well as an algorithm for treatment of large warts, were also created.Conclusion: The guidance provided will help physicians with the diagnosis and management of AGW in order to improve the health and quality of life of patients with AGW.