Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the most important legume forage species in the world. It is often affected by several abiotic stressors that result in reduced yields and poor growth. Therefore, it is crucial to study the resistance of M. sativa to abiotic stresses. Heat shock transcription factors (HSF) are key players in a number of transcriptional regulatory pathways. These pathways play an essential role in controlling how plants react to different abiotic stressors. Studies on the HSF gene family have been reported in many species but have not yet undergone a thorough analysis in M. sativa. Therefore, in order to identify a more comprehensive set of HSF genes, from the genomic data, we identified 16 members of the MsHSF gene, which were unevenly distributed over six chromosomes. We also looked at their gene architectures and protein motifs, and phylogenetic analysis allowed us to divide them into 3 groups with a total of 15 subgroups. Along with these aspects, we then examined the physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, synteny analysis, GO annotation and enrichment, and protein interaction networks of amino acids. Finally, the analysis of 16 MsHSF genes’ expression levels across all tissues and under four abiotic stresses using publicly available RNA-Seq data revealed that these genes had significant tissue-specific expression. Moreover, the expression of most MsHSF genes increased dramatically under abiotic stress, further validating the critical function played by the MsHSF gene family in abiotic stress. These results provided basic information about MsHSF gene family and laid a foundation for further study on the biological role of MsHSF gene in response to stress in M. sativa.

Calmodulin-binding transcription factor (CAMTA) is an important component of plant hormone signal transduction, development, and drought resistance. Based on previous transcriptome data, drought resistance genes of the Heimia myrtifolia CAMTA transcription factor family were predicted in this study. The physicochemical characteristics of amino acids, subcellular localization, transmembrane structure, GO enrichment, and expression patterns were also examined. The results revealed that H. myrtifolia has a total of ten members (HmCAMTA1~10). Phylogenetic tree analysis of the HmCAMTA gene family revealed four different branches. The amino acid composition of CAMTA from H. myrtifolia and Punica granatum was quite similar. In addition, qRT-PCR data showed that the expression levels of HmCAMTA1, HmCAMTA2, and HmCAMTA10 genes increased with the deepening of drought, and the peak values appeared in the T4 treatment. Therefore, it is speculated that the above four genes are involved in the response of H. myrtifolia to drought stress. Additionally, HmCAMTA gene expression was shown to be more abundant in roots and leaves than in other tissues according to tissue-specific expression patterns. This study can be used to learn more about the function of CAMTA family genes and the drought tolerance response mechanism in H. myrtifolia.

Lagerstroemia indica is a widely used ornamental plant in summer gardens because of its desirable plant shape. The weeping traits of plants are related to secondary cell wall thickness and hormone signaling. NAC (NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2), as one of the plant-specific transcription factors, is a switch for the secondary cell wall and also involved in leaf senescence, phytohormone signaling, and other growth processes. We identified a total of 21 LiNAC genes from the transcriptome data, which we divided into 14 subgroups and 2 groups. The physicochemical characteristics of amino acids, subcellular localization, transmembrane structure, GO and KEGG enrichment, and expression patterns were also examined. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expressions of LiNAC8 and LiNAC13 in upright L. indica ‘Shaoguifei’ and weeping L. indica ‘Xiariwuniang’ were significantly higher from the beginning to the end of growth stage (S1–S3), and the expressions of ‘Shaoguifei’ were always higher than those of ‘Xiariwuniang’. However, LiNAC2 showed a downward trend in S1–S3 and the relative expression level of ‘Shaoguifei’ was lower than that of ‘Xiariwuniang’. It is hypothesized that these LiNAC genes may be involved in the regulation of weeping traits in L. indica. The results of this study provide a basis for analyzing the functions of LiNAC genes and help to explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms related to the weeping traits in L. indica.

Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are among the most important regulators of plant responses to abiotic stimuli. They play a key role in numerous transcriptional regulatory processes. However, the specific characteristics of HSF gene family members and their expression patterns in different tissues and under drought stress have not been precisely investigated in Heimia myrtifolia. This study analyzed transcriptome data from H. myrtifolia and identified 15 members of the HSF family. Using a phylogenetic tree, these members were classified into three major classes and fifteen groups. The amino acid physicochemical properties of these members were also investigated. The results showed that all HmHSF genes are located in the nucleus, and multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that all HmHSF proteins have the most conserved DBD structural domains. Interestingly, a special HmHSF15 protein was found in the three-dimensional structure of the protein, which has a conserved structural domain that performs a function in addition to the unique structural domain of HSF proteins, resulting in a three-dimensional structure for HmHSF15 that is different from other HmHSF proteins. GO enrichment analysis shows that most HmHSFA-like genes are part of various biological processes associated with abiotic stresses. Finally, this study analyzed the tissue specificity of HmHSF genes in different parts of H. myrtifolia by qRT-PCR and found that HmHSF genes were more abundantly expressed in roots than in other tissues, and HmHSF05, HmHSF12, and HmHSF14 genes were different from other HSF genes, which could be further analyzed to verify their functionality. The results provide a basis for analyzing the functions of HmHSF genes in H. myrtifolia and help to explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of HmHSF in response to drought stress.

Maintaining and planting sustainable forests is fundamental in perpetuating the essential functions of these ecosystems. A central aspect of managing forests for future resilience is the consideration of past migration and evolution of trees using genetic and genomic data to ensure that functionally appropriate diversity is conserved and utilized. In our study, we generated and compared genetic and genomic data from the plastome to better understand phylogeography and molecular evolution in the tree species Populus tremuloides (aspen). With these analyses, we found evidence of divergence and migration between northern and southern sites. Additionally, evidence of deep incomplete plastome sorting across the Salicaceae was found when examining insertion–deletion (indel) sites associated with DNA repair. By examining these indels in plastomic genes with introns across Salicaceae, we found a strong correlation between the abundance of DNA repair with genomic position and transcript abundance. From our findings, we conclude that previously ignored plastomic data are essential in understanding phylogeography and the evolution of key metabolic processes for improved aspen forest planning. Given the propensity of aspen forests to host high levels of biodiversity, rapidly sequester carbon, absorb excess nitrogen, and efficiently regulate snowmelt, improvements to planning and conservation will be highly impactful.