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Xiyang Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China

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Original paper
Published: 25 August 2021 in Journal of Forestry Research
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In order to quantify within- and between-population variation in seed and seedling traits of Juglans mandshurica and reveal the relationship among genetic and environmental variations and select elite families, samples of 50 J. mandshurica families from five natural populations in Liaoning Province, northeast China, were taken to measure seed and seedling traits. The results show that all seed traits varied significantly among families within the population, but only kernel weight and kernel rate showed significant variations among populations. Average values of single seed weight, length, width, lateral diameter, and average size, and kernel weight and rate were 10.1 g, 43.0 mm, 29.2 mm, 28.1 mm, 33.4 mm, and 2.2 g and 22.5%, respectively. Significant variations were observed in seedling height and root collar diameter among families and interaction between families and blocks, but the block effects on height and root collar diameter were insignificant. Average values of height and root collar diameter were 94.0 cm and 8.7 mm, respectively. Family heritability of traits ranged from 0.6 gm (kernel weight) to 0.9 mm (seedling height). Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship among seed traits but a weak correlation between seed and seedling traits. Cluster analysis grouped the five natural populations of J. mandshurica into three significant clusters with different characteristics. The general combining ability analysis showed that most traits in one family (WD11) were higher, suggesting parental traits were excellent for selecting elite parent clones. Using the comprehensive evaluation method, five families with better seed traits and five families with better seedling traits were selected as elite materials with 10% selection rate. The genetic gains of these elite materials for seed weight, kernel weight, average seed size, kernel rate, seedling height, and root collar diameter were 13.1%, 10.3%, 4.1%, 2.4%, 29.7%, and 21.1%, respectively.

ACS Style

Qinhui Zhang; Shihe Yu; Xiaona Pei; Qianchun Wang; Aijun Lu; Ying Cao; Mulualem Tigabu; Jian Feng; Xiyang Zhao. Within- and between-population variations in seed and seedling traits of Juglans mandshurica. Journal of Forestry Research 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Qinhui Zhang, Shihe Yu, Xiaona Pei, Qianchun Wang, Aijun Lu, Ying Cao, Mulualem Tigabu, Jian Feng, Xiyang Zhao. Within- and between-population variations in seed and seedling traits of Juglans mandshurica. Journal of Forestry Research. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qinhui Zhang; Shihe Yu; Xiaona Pei; Qianchun Wang; Aijun Lu; Ying Cao; Mulualem Tigabu; Jian Feng; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "Within- and between-population variations in seed and seedling traits of Juglans mandshurica." Journal of Forestry Research , no. : 1-12.

Original article
Published: 08 June 2021 in 3 Biotech
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Alternative oxidase (AOX) has a well-established involvement in plant growth and stress tolerance in many studies. In this study, we isolated and characterized the AOX2 from Cerasus humilis. The ChAOX2 Open Reading Frame (ORF) contains 1029 nucleotides and encodes 342 amino acid residues. The inferred amino acid sequence of ChAOX2 shared the highest sequence similarity with a homolog from Prunus yedoensis. The ChAOX2 transcripts were relatively abundant in the old leaves and significantly up-regulated by salt stress. Subcellular localization analysis showed that ChAOX2 was located in the mitochondria. We transformed ChAOX2 into wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and found that compared with wild-type and aox mutant lines, heterotopic expression of ChAOX2 increased proline content, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, while decreasing relative conductivity and the reactive oxygen species level. Further, the ratio of alternate respiration to the total respiration in plants that overexpressed ChAOX2 was significantly higher than that in wild-type and mutant plants under salt stress. These results indicate that ChAOX2 plays a key role in salt tolerance.

ACS Style

Li Jiao Sun; Xiao Yu Zhao; Jing Ren; Shao Peng Yan; Xi Yang Zhao; Xing Shun Song. Overexpression of Cerasus humilis ChAOX2 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to salt stress. 3 Biotech 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Li Jiao Sun, Xiao Yu Zhao, Jing Ren, Shao Peng Yan, Xi Yang Zhao, Xing Shun Song. Overexpression of Cerasus humilis ChAOX2 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to salt stress. 3 Biotech. 2021; 11 (7):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Jiao Sun; Xiao Yu Zhao; Jing Ren; Shao Peng Yan; Xi Yang Zhao; Xing Shun Song. 2021. "Overexpression of Cerasus humilis ChAOX2 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to salt stress." 3 Biotech 11, no. 7: 1-11.

Research article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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To understand the reliability of genetic determination and early selection of Pinus koraiensis, the genetic variation of growth traits of 34 full-sib families in different growth year were investigated and analyzed. The results showed significant differences in female and male parents and their interaction at different ages, and genetic variance components of growth traits between families accounted for over 50% of the total genetic variation. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 8.61% to 27.29%, and from 6.71% to 19.96%, respectively. Meanwhile, broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.951–0.999, and from 0.566–0.681, respectively. Correlation analysis shown significant positive correlation coefficients between H, DBH, and V at different ages. Using the multiple-traits comprehensive evaluation method, seven families were selected in different ages. The estimated results of combining ability shown that female parent, male parent and parental combination were F 4, M 11 and F 9 × M 14, respectively. Therefore, the early genetic determination and selection of P. koraiensis could greatly shorten the breeding cycle, improve breeding efficiency, which could provide references for the early genetic determination of other tree species with long rotation age.

ACS Style

Shuchun Li; Heng Zhang; Zuoyi Fan; Deyang Liang; Haiqi Sun; Yue Li; Xiyang Zhao. Genetic test and early selection in full-sib families of Pinus koraiensis. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2021, 36, 221 -229.

AMA Style

Shuchun Li, Heng Zhang, Zuoyi Fan, Deyang Liang, Haiqi Sun, Yue Li, Xiyang Zhao. Genetic test and early selection in full-sib families of Pinus koraiensis. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2021; 36 (4):221-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuchun Li; Heng Zhang; Zuoyi Fan; Deyang Liang; Haiqi Sun; Yue Li; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "Genetic test and early selection in full-sib families of Pinus koraiensis." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 4: 221-229.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Horticulturae
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Pinus koraiensis is a well-known precious tree species in East Asia with high economic, ornamental and ecological value. More than fifty percent of the P. koraiensis forests in the world are distributed in northeast China, a region with abundant germplasm resources. However, these natural P. koraiensis sources are in danger of genetic erosion caused by continuous climate changes, natural disturbances such as wildfire and frequent human activity. Little work has been conducted on the population genetic structure and genetic differentiation of P. koraiensis in China because of the lack of genetic information. In this study, 480 P. koraiensis individuals from 16 natural populations were sampled and genotyped. Fifteen polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation in P. koraiensis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the EST-SSR marker data showed that 33% of the total genetic variation was among populations and 67% was within populations. A high level of genetic diversity was found across the P. koraiensis populations, and the highest levels of genetic diversity were found in HH, ZH, LS and TL populations. Moreover, pairwise Fst values revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations (mean Fst = 0.177). According to the results of the STRUCTURE and Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analyses and principal component analysis (PCA), the studied geographical populations cluster into two genetic clusters: cluster 1 from Xiaoxinganling Mountains and cluster 2 from Changbaishan Mountains. These results are consistent with the geographical distributions of the populations. The results provide new genetic information for future genome-wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) in natural P. koraiensis breeding programs and can aid the development of conservation and management strategies for this valuable conifer species.

ACS Style

Xiang Li; Minghui Zhao; Yujin Xu; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Pinus koraiensis in China. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 104 .

AMA Style

Xiang Li, Minghui Zhao, Yujin Xu, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiyang Zhao. Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Pinus koraiensis in China. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (5):104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang Li; Minghui Zhao; Yujin Xu; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Pinus koraiensis in China." Horticulturae 7, no. 5: 104.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Sustainability
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In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

ACS Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Huanzhen Liu; Xiyang Zhao. Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4167 .

AMA Style

David Kombi Kaviriri, Huanzhen Liu, Xiyang Zhao. Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Huanzhen Liu; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4167.

Review
Published: 18 March 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments that are important in plants because they endow a variety of colors to vegetative tissues and reproductive plant organs, mainly ranging from red to purple and blue. The colors regulated by anthocyanins give plants different visual effects through different biosynthetic pathways that provide pigmentation for flowers, fruits and seeds to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is genetically determined by structural and regulatory genes. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) proteins are important transcriptional regulators that play important roles in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism. MYB transcription factors (TFs) occupy a dominant position in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The TF conserved binding motifs can be combined with other TFs to regulate the enrichment and sedimentation of anthocyanins. In this study, the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms of MYB-TFs are discussed. The role of the environment in the control of the anthocyanin biosynthesis network is summarized, the complex formation of anthocyanins and the mechanism of environment-induced anthocyanin synthesis are analyzed. Some prospects for MYB-TF to modulate the comprehensive regulation of anthocyanins are put forward, to provide a more relevant basis for further research in this field, and to guide the directed genetic modification of anthocyanins for the improvement of crops for food quality, nutrition and human health.

ACS Style

Huiling Yan; Xiaona Pei; Heng Zhang; Xiang Li; Xinxin Zhang; Minghui Zhao; Vincent Chiang; Ronald Sederoff; Xiyang Zhao. MYB-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 3103 .

AMA Style

Huiling Yan, Xiaona Pei, Heng Zhang, Xiang Li, Xinxin Zhang, Minghui Zhao, Vincent Chiang, Ronald Sederoff, Xiyang Zhao. MYB-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (6):3103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiling Yan; Xiaona Pei; Heng Zhang; Xiang Li; Xinxin Zhang; Minghui Zhao; Vincent Chiang; Ronald Sederoff; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "MYB-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 3103.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2021 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Larix olgensis, also known locally as Changbai larch, is one of the most important timber species in northeast China. In order to widely expand the plantation of this species, the genetic stability and adaptability of the provenances must be analyzed through provenance tests. In this study, growth traits and survival rate (SR) of 10 L. olgensis provenances planted in four representative sites were investigated and analyzed. The results of ANOVA and AMMI analyses showed that the environment effect was a predominant source of variation. The average diameter at breast height (DBH) of different provenances at the four sites ranged from 14.65 to 28.51 cm. The stand volume also varied among provenances planted at different sites mainly due to variation in SR and DBH. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and repeatability (hP2) for DBH in different sites ranged from 12.47% to 17.79%, from 2.94% to 3.83% and from 0.49 to 0.63, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that there were highly significant positive correlations among DBH, survival rate, and stand volume, and they all not correlated with geoclimatic factors of provenances original sites. However, they were significantly positively correlated with longitude and precipitation of the trial sites. Significant negative correlations were observed between SR and latitude and with equivalent latitude. According to AMMI biplots, four provenances were regarded as the most stable and relatively high-yielding provenances across environments. These provenances could be used as the preferred materials for the establishment of large-scale plantations in the future.

ACS Style

Heng Zhang; Xueyan Zhou; Wei Gu; Lidong Wang; Wei Li; Yuanke Gao; Liguo Wu; Xiaowei Guo; Mulualem Tigabu; Dean Xia; Vincent L. Chiang; Chuanping Yang; Xiyang Zhao. Genetic stability of Larix olgensis provenances planted in different sites in northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 485, 118988 .

AMA Style

Heng Zhang, Xueyan Zhou, Wei Gu, Lidong Wang, Wei Li, Yuanke Gao, Liguo Wu, Xiaowei Guo, Mulualem Tigabu, Dean Xia, Vincent L. Chiang, Chuanping Yang, Xiyang Zhao. Genetic stability of Larix olgensis provenances planted in different sites in northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 485 ():118988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heng Zhang; Xueyan Zhou; Wei Gu; Lidong Wang; Wei Li; Yuanke Gao; Liguo Wu; Xiaowei Guo; Mulualem Tigabu; Dean Xia; Vincent L. Chiang; Chuanping Yang; Xiyang Zhao. 2021. "Genetic stability of Larix olgensis provenances planted in different sites in northeast China." Forest Ecology and Management 485, no. : 118988.

Preprint content
Published: 07 December 2020
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Background Pinus koraiensis (commonly known as Korean pine), is a well-known conifer species in China with high economic, ornamental and ecological values. More than 50% of the P. koraiensis forests in the world are distributed in Northeast China, a region with abundant germplasm resources. However, these natural P. koraiensis populations are in danger of genetic erosion caused by continuous climate changes and frequent human activity. Little work has been conducted on the population genetic structure and genetic differentiation of P. koraiensis in China. Here, representative individuals from 16 natural P. koraiensis populations were sampled and genotyped, and polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to comprehensively evaluate genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation of P. koraiensis populations in China.ResultsA total of 480 samples from 16 populations were collected in the natural distribution area of P. koraiensis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the EST-SSR marker data showed that 33% of the total genetic variation was among populations and 67% was within populations. A high level of genetic diversity was found across P. koraiensis populations (average Na=10.33, Ne=2.514, He=0.521), and the highest levels of genetic diversity were found in Heihe (He=0.449), Zhanhe (He=0.413), Liangshui (He=0.370) and Tieli (He=0.414) populations. Moreover, pairwise Fst values reveled significant genetic differentiation among populations (mean Fst=0.177). Structure and Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two genetic clusters: cluster 1 from Xiaoxinganling Mountains and cluster 2 from Changbaishan Mountains, which were consistent with the geographical distributions of the natural populations. ConclusionsThe findings provide new genetic information for future genome-wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) in natural P. koraiensis breeding programs and can aid the development of conservation strategies for this valuable conifer species.

ACS Style

Xiang Li; Minghui Zhao; Yujin Xu; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. Population Genetic Analysis of Pinus Koraiensis in China Inferred Using EST-SSR Markers. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Xiang Li, Minghui Zhao, Yujin Xu, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiyang Zhao. Population Genetic Analysis of Pinus Koraiensis in China Inferred Using EST-SSR Markers. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang Li; Minghui Zhao; Yujin Xu; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Population Genetic Analysis of Pinus Koraiensis in China Inferred Using EST-SSR Markers." , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 16 September 2020 in Journal of Forestry Research
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Growth characteristics have complex inheritance patterns and genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction make predicting tree response to environmental changes difficult. In this study, the growth of seven poplar clones at three different sites was taken as the research focus, and heights and basal diameters were investigated in the second growing season. An ANOVA showed that all main effects, site, clone number and their interactions were highly significant in the overall F-tests. The coefficients of variation and repeatability of different traits ranged from 15.5 to 43.9% and from 0.549 to 0.912, respectively. AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) analysis results showed that genotype, environment and G × E interaction were significantly highly correlated. The stability analysis indicated that different clones showed different growth traits on different sites, which suggests that elite clones should be selected separately for different sites. Based on the growth traits, under a 10% selection rate, three clones were selected for different sites and the genetic gains of growth traits ranged from 4.7 to 11.2%. The three selected clones could be used to establish plantations in the future in different sites.

ACS Style

Xiaona Pei; Luping Jiang; Ammar Khalil Mohamed Ahmed; Hongying Yu; Rizheng Chong; Xiangling You; Xiyang Zhao. Growth variations and stability analyses of seven poplar clones at three sites in northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research 2020, 32, 1673 -1680.

AMA Style

Xiaona Pei, Luping Jiang, Ammar Khalil Mohamed Ahmed, Hongying Yu, Rizheng Chong, Xiangling You, Xiyang Zhao. Growth variations and stability analyses of seven poplar clones at three sites in northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research. 2020; 32 (4):1673-1680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaona Pei; Luping Jiang; Ammar Khalil Mohamed Ahmed; Hongying Yu; Rizheng Chong; Xiangling You; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Growth variations and stability analyses of seven poplar clones at three sites in northeast China." Journal of Forestry Research 32, no. 4: 1673-1680.

Original research article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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Nitrogen fertilization is common for poplar trees to improve growth and productivity. The utilization of N by poplar largely depends on fertilizer application patterns; however, the underlying regulatory hubs are not fully understood. In this study, N utilization and potentially physiological regulations of two poplar clones (XQH and BC5) were assessed through two related experiments (i: five levels of N supply and ii: conventional and exponential N additions). Poplar growth (leaf area) and N utilization significantly increased under fertilized compared to unfertilized conditions, whereas photosynthetic N utilization efficiency significantly decreased under low N supplies. Growth characteristics were better in the XQH than in the BC5 clone under the same N supplies, indicating higher N utilization efficiency. Leaf absorbed light energy, and thermal dissipation fraction was significantly different for XQH clone between conventional and exponential N additions. Leaf concentrations of putrescine (Put) and acetylated Put were significantly higher in exponential than in conventional N addition. Photorespiration significantly increased in leaves of XQH clone under exponential compared to conventional N addition. Our results indicate that an interaction of the clone and N supply pattern significantly occurs in poplar growth; leaf expansion and the storage N allocations are the central hubs in the regulation of poplar N utilization.

ACS Style

Yanbo Hu; Manzer H. Siddiqui; Chunming Li; Luping Jiang; Heng Zhang; Xiyang Zhao. Polyamine Metabolism, Photorespiration, and Excitation Energy Allocation in Photosystem II Are Potentially Regulatory Hubs in Poplar Adaptation to Soil Nitrogen Availability. Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Yanbo Hu, Manzer H. Siddiqui, Chunming Li, Luping Jiang, Heng Zhang, Xiyang Zhao. Polyamine Metabolism, Photorespiration, and Excitation Energy Allocation in Photosystem II Are Potentially Regulatory Hubs in Poplar Adaptation to Soil Nitrogen Availability. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanbo Hu; Manzer H. Siddiqui; Chunming Li; Luping Jiang; Heng Zhang; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Polyamine Metabolism, Photorespiration, and Excitation Energy Allocation in Photosystem II Are Potentially Regulatory Hubs in Poplar Adaptation to Soil Nitrogen Availability." Frontiers in Plant Science 11, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 06 August 2020 in Forests
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Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.

ACS Style

Ming-Hui Zhao; Xiang Li; Xin-Xin Zhang; Heng Zhang; Xi-Yang Zhao. Mutation Mechanism of Leaf Color in Plants: A Review. Forests 2020, 11, 851 .

AMA Style

Ming-Hui Zhao, Xiang Li, Xin-Xin Zhang, Heng Zhang, Xi-Yang Zhao. Mutation Mechanism of Leaf Color in Plants: A Review. Forests. 2020; 11 (8):851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming-Hui Zhao; Xiang Li; Xin-Xin Zhang; Heng Zhang; Xi-Yang Zhao. 2020. "Mutation Mechanism of Leaf Color in Plants: A Review." Forests 11, no. 8: 851.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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Populus species are fast growing with high N requirements; an optimum level of fertilization is necessary for high seedling quality and subsequent plantation productivity. In this study, the morphological and physiological responses of two poplar clones (XH and BL3) to exponential and conventional N dosages were investigated, with a specific focus on leaf traits, the photorespiratory N cycle, and the interconversion of amino acids within leaves. Results show that shoot height and leaf number exponentially increased with plant growth. Leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, and net photosynthetic rate significantly increased for both clones during N fertilization, with a significant difference only in leaf area of clone XH between exponential and conventional dosages. Leaf concentrations of free amino acids and soluble sugars were not different but soluble proteins and fatty acids were significantly different for clone XH between N dosages; the amino acids glutamate, alanine, and aspartic acid concentrations increased in exponentially fertilized seedlings compared to controls. Amino acids, including the composition concentration and activity of glutamic-oxalacetic and -pyruvic transaminase, and soluble sugars were significantly higher for clone BL3 in fertilized seedlings. Photorespiration (glycine and glycolate oxidase) and glutathione redox (oxidized glutathione) were affected by fertilization. The activities of key enzymes (glycolate oxidase, catalase, and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase) involved in photorespiration and glutathione metabolism were lower for clone XH with exponential fertilization. Phenylalanine catabolism was influenced by fertilization and the interaction, clone × fertilization, showing accumulation of phenylalanine and tyrosine but decreases in phenylalanine ammonialyase activity and flavonoid concentrations in leaves of fertilized seedlings. The results indicate that leaf area and the interconversion of amino acids through deamidation/transamination are key regulatory hubs in poplar acclimation to soil N availability.

ACS Style

Yanbo Hu; Chunming Li; Luping Jiang; Deyang Liang; Xiyang Zhao. Growth performance and nitrogen allocation within leaves of two poplar clones after exponential and conventional nitrogen applications. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2020, 154, 530 -537.

AMA Style

Yanbo Hu, Chunming Li, Luping Jiang, Deyang Liang, Xiyang Zhao. Growth performance and nitrogen allocation within leaves of two poplar clones after exponential and conventional nitrogen applications. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; 154 ():530-537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanbo Hu; Chunming Li; Luping Jiang; Deyang Liang; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Growth performance and nitrogen allocation within leaves of two poplar clones after exponential and conventional nitrogen applications." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 154, no. : 530-537.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Genes
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Combining phenotypic and genetic characteristics in a genetic variation study is of paramount importance to effectively orient the selection of producers’ elite trees in a seed orchard. In total, 28 phenotypic characteristics and 16 microsatellite loci were used to analyze the clonal genetic variation, to characterize the genetic diversity, and to refine the genetic classifications of 110 Pinus koraiensis clones grown in the Naozhi orchard in northeastern China. All clones were significantly different in most traits. Most of the phenotypic characteristics showed great genetic variation among clones, while the genotypic differentiation was weak between the selection sites of clones. The SSR markers showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity (Na = 4.67 ± 0.43, Ne = 2.916 ± 0.18, I = 1.15 ± 0.07, Ho = 0.69 ± 0.04, He = 0.62 ± 0.02, and mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.574), with higher heterozygosity as an indication of a lower probability of inbreeding events in the orchard. Despite weak correlation coefficients between dissimilarity matrices (r(A/B), range equal to 0.022, p-value < 0.001), the genetic and phenotypic classifications congruently subdivided all the clones into three major groups. The patterns of phenotypic trait variations and genetic diversity are valuable to effectively select materials in breeding programs of P. koraiensis.

ACS Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Qinhui Zhang; Xinxin Zhang; Luping Jiang; Jinpeng Zhang; Jingyuan Wang; Damase P. Khasa; Xiangling You; Xiyang Zhao. Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity in a Pinus koraiensis Clonal Trial in Northeastern China. Genes 2020, 11, 673 .

AMA Style

David Kombi Kaviriri, Qinhui Zhang, Xinxin Zhang, Luping Jiang, Jinpeng Zhang, Jingyuan Wang, Damase P. Khasa, Xiangling You, Xiyang Zhao. Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity in a Pinus koraiensis Clonal Trial in Northeastern China. Genes. 2020; 11 (6):673.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Qinhui Zhang; Xinxin Zhang; Luping Jiang; Jinpeng Zhang; Jingyuan Wang; Damase P. Khasa; Xiangling You; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity in a Pinus koraiensis Clonal Trial in Northeastern China." Genes 11, no. 6: 673.

Original article
Published: 05 June 2020 in Trees
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We identified 15 genes encoding enzymes for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the genome of birch by combining phylogenetic analysis and tissue-specific expression data. Lignin is one of the most abundant terrestrial biopolymers and is essential for plant structure and defense. An essential step in lignin formation is phenylpropanoid synthesis, we identified 120 gene models in 10 protein families encoding enzymes for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the genome of Betula pendula. The transcript abundance was determined for all 120 genes in xylem, root, leaf, and flower tissues using RNA-seq technology. We identified 15 genes that likely encode phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes during wood formation. Ten of these genes are evolutionarily conserved compared to the lignin genes in Populus trichocarpa.

ACS Style

Song Chen; Yuming Zhao; Xiyang Zhao; Su Chen. Identification of putative lignin biosynthesis genes in Betula pendula. Trees 2020, 34, 1255 -1265.

AMA Style

Song Chen, Yuming Zhao, Xiyang Zhao, Su Chen. Identification of putative lignin biosynthesis genes in Betula pendula. Trees. 2020; 34 (5):1255-1265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song Chen; Yuming Zhao; Xiyang Zhao; Su Chen. 2020. "Identification of putative lignin biosynthesis genes in Betula pendula." Trees 34, no. 5: 1255-1265.

Preprint content
Published: 21 May 2020
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Cellulose is an essential structural component of the plant cell wall and is an important resource for the production of paper, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. The synthesis of cellulose is among the most important but poorly understood biochemical processes, which is precisely regulated by internal and external cues. Here we identified 46 gene models in 7 gene families which encoding cellulose synthase and related enzymes of Betula pendula, and the transcript abundance of these genes in xylem, root, leaf and flower tissues also be determined. Based on these RNA-seq data, we have identified 8 genes that most likely participate in cell wall synthesis. In parallel, a gene co-expression network was also constructed based on transcriptome sequencing.FundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 31870659, The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 2572019CG08 funded this research and Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program (Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team).Conflicts of interest / Competing interestsThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.Consent to participateNot applicable.Consent for publicationNot applicable.Availability of data and materialAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.Code availabilityNot applicable.Authors’ contributionsAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Song Chen. Conceived and supervised were performed by Xiyang Zhao and Su Chen.

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Song Chen; Xiyang Zhao; Su Chen. Identification of Putative Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Betula pendula. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Song Chen, Xiyang Zhao, Su Chen. Identification of Putative Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Betula pendula. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song Chen; Xiyang Zhao; Su Chen. 2020. "Identification of Putative Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Betula pendula." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Genes
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Pinus koraiensis has significant economic and ecological value in Northeast China. However, due to the lack of suitable molecular markers, only a few available microsatellite markers were developed for further population genetics studies. In this study, for the first time we developed expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers from the cold-stressed transcriptome of P. koraiensis using Illumina Sequencing. We identified a total of 7,235 EST-SSRs from 97,376 sequences, and we tested their transferability among seven related Pinus species. The results showed that trinucleotides were the most abundant type of repeat (1287, 18.74%) excluding mononucleotides, followed by dinucleotides (1284, 18.7%) and tetranucleotides (72, 1.05%). The most dominant dinucleotides and trinucleotide repeat motifs were AT/AT (535, 7.79%) and AAT/ATT (103, 1.5%). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.002 to 0.986 and 0.017 to 0.743, respectively, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) values and number of alleles (Na) varied from 0.029 to 0.794 and 2 to 23, respectively. A total of 8 natural P. koraiensis populations were divided into two main genetic clusters. Furthermore, nine of twenty polymorphic primer pairs were successfully amplified in seven Pinus species, and at least 80% of the successful P. koraiensis EST-SSR primers could be amplified in more than four species (16, 80%). Combined results for the development of EST-SSR markers in P. koraiensis and transferability among related species would contribute to improved studies on the genetic diversity and population structure in P. koraiensis and phylogenetic relationships among Pinus species. They would also provide a significant source for quantitative trait locus analysis.

ACS Style

Xiang Li; Xiaoting Liu; Jiatong Wei; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. Development and Transferability of EST-SSR Markers for Pinus koraiensis from Cold-Stressed Transcriptome through Illumina Sequencing. Genes 2020, 11, 500 .

AMA Style

Xiang Li, Xiaoting Liu, Jiatong Wei, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiyang Zhao. Development and Transferability of EST-SSR Markers for Pinus koraiensis from Cold-Stressed Transcriptome through Illumina Sequencing. Genes. 2020; 11 (5):500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang Li; Xiaoting Liu; Jiatong Wei; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Development and Transferability of EST-SSR Markers for Pinus koraiensis from Cold-Stressed Transcriptome through Illumina Sequencing." Genes 11, no. 5: 500.

Article
Published: 14 March 2020 in Euphytica
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Larix olgensis is one of the most important timber species in Northeast China. Although L. olgensis seed orchards have been established for many years and some progeny tests have been conducted, studies of progeny performance and the selection of superior families are still lacking. These tests are important for upgrading and improvement of seed orchards. Here, we estimate the genetic variation for major economic traits between families to provide selection materials for the establishment of a second-generation seed orchard. This study examined 71 half-sib families and 2 control families of L. olgensis in the Xiyang forest seed orchard in Yongji County, Northeast China. We measured tree height, diameter at breast height, volume, branch angle, stem straightness degree and crown width of 4-year-old progeny. Genetic parameters for the studied traits were determined, and comprehensive analyses of multiple traits and breeding values were used for selection of superior families and individual trees within families. The results show that all these traits are significantly different (P < 0.01) among families where family variance was greater than environmental variance. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 9.01% to 78.22% and from 1.81% to 39.20%, respectively. The heritability values of families and individual trees ranged from 0.663 to 0.959 and 0.034 to 0.983, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between investigated traits. Using the multiple-traits comprehensive evaluation method, seven families and 56 superior individual trees were selected. Selection of superior parents using breeding values for timber yield, stem quality and crown width as a proxy for planting density again resulted in the selection of seven superior families. We determined that the comprehensive multiple-traits evaluation approach is effective for selecting superior families and individual trees for the establishment of advanced second generation seed orchards. Families selected based on breeding value may be used as preferred parents for future hybridization breeding.

ACS Style

Heng Zhang; Yuhangyi Zhang; Dawei Zhang; Lihu Dong; Kejian Liu; Ying Wang; Chuanping Yang; Vincent L. Chiang; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. Progeny performance and selection of superior trees within families in Larix olgensis. Euphytica 2020, 216, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Heng Zhang, Yuhangyi Zhang, Dawei Zhang, Lihu Dong, Kejian Liu, Ying Wang, Chuanping Yang, Vincent L. Chiang, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiyang Zhao. Progeny performance and selection of superior trees within families in Larix olgensis. Euphytica. 2020; 216 (4):1-10.

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Heng Zhang; Yuhangyi Zhang; Dawei Zhang; Lihu Dong; Kejian Liu; Ying Wang; Chuanping Yang; Vincent L. Chiang; Mulualem Tigabu; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Progeny performance and selection of superior trees within families in Larix olgensis." Euphytica 216, no. 4: 1-10.

Original article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Tree Genetics & Genomes
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To evaluate and select elite Larix kaempferi materials, three growth traits and six wood properties of 60 L. kaempferi clones from four provenances were analyzed. The ANOVA results indicated significant differences (p < 0.01) in all the investigated characteristics (height, diameter at breast height, volume, hemicellulose content, cellulose content and lignin content) among clones within provenances. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation among clones ranged from 6.65% to 25.66% and from 3.42% to 22.27%, respectively. The clone repeatability of all traits ranged from 0.51 to 0.97. The phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients between different traits ranged from −0.66 to 0.98 and − 0.90 to 0.98, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the first two components explained 54.29% of the total variance, and growth traits and some wood properties showed higher absolute values. Under a selection rate of 10%, using the method of comprehensively evaluating multiple traits to select clones, six elite clones were selected based on their growth traits, wood properties, and both growth traits and wood properties together. For these groups of clones, the genetic gains ranged from 5.27 to 21.53%, 8.02 to 29.95%, and 4.27 to 18.07%, respectively. These selected clones could provide a base material for the selection of improved varieties.

ACS Style

Yanyan Pan; Luping Jiang; Guiyou Xu; Jiaqi Li; Biying Wang; Yuxi Li; Xiyang Zhao. Evaluation and selection analyses of 60 Larix kaempferi clones in four provenances based on growth traits and wood properties. Tree Genetics & Genomes 2020, 16, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Yanyan Pan, Luping Jiang, Guiyou Xu, Jiaqi Li, Biying Wang, Yuxi Li, Xiyang Zhao. Evaluation and selection analyses of 60 Larix kaempferi clones in four provenances based on growth traits and wood properties. Tree Genetics & Genomes. 2020; 16 (2):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanyan Pan; Luping Jiang; Guiyou Xu; Jiaqi Li; Biying Wang; Yuxi Li; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Evaluation and selection analyses of 60 Larix kaempferi clones in four provenances based on growth traits and wood properties." Tree Genetics & Genomes 16, no. 2: 1-11.

Review
Published: 28 January 2020 in Forests
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Pinus koraiensis (Sieb.et Zucc) is an economically and ecologically important tree species, naturally distributed in northeastern China. Conservation efforts and genetic improvement for this species began in the 1960s and 1980s, with the establishment of several primary seed orchards based on range-wide provenance evaluations. The original breeding objective was to improve growth and wood yield, but during the recent decade, it was redefined to include other traits, such as an enhancement of wood properties, seed oil content, cone yield, and the development of elite provenance with families, clones, and varieties with good tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, improvement processes are slow due to a long breeding cycle, and the number of improved varieties is still low. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the selective improvement of P. koraiensis varieties, such as elite provenance, family, and clones, using various breeding procedures. We collate information on advances in the improvement of P. koraiensis, based on conventional breeding and molecular marker-assisted breeding methods; identify gaps in our understanding of the tree improvement processes; and propose future research directions, which will provide new insight for subsequent genetic breeding research on P. koraiensis.

ACS Style

Xiang Li; Xiao-Ting Liu; Jia-Tong Wei; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xi-Yang Zhao. Genetic Improvement of Pinus koraiensis in China: Current Situation and Future Prospects. Forests 2020, 11, 148 .

AMA Style

Xiang Li, Xiao-Ting Liu, Jia-Tong Wei, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, Xi-Yang Zhao. Genetic Improvement of Pinus koraiensis in China: Current Situation and Future Prospects. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang Li; Xiao-Ting Liu; Jia-Tong Wei; Yan Li; Mulualem Tigabu; Xi-Yang Zhao. 2020. "Genetic Improvement of Pinus koraiensis in China: Current Situation and Future Prospects." Forests 11, no. 2: 148.

Original paper
Published: 11 January 2020 in Journal of Forestry Research
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Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber. To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones, 14 cone, seed and nut traits were measured and analyzed. Variance analysis showed that all clones were significantly different in various traits (P < 0.01). Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatability of traits ranged from 9.1 to 34.4% and from 27.5 to 97.7%, respectively. Except for the cone layer and cone seed numbers, the other traits were positively or negatively correlated. Three principal components were identified. Seed and nut traits were the most important traits in the first principal component, and cone traits more important in the second. Using correlation and principal component analyses, cone number and other traits were selected to evaluate materials. Twenty-two clones were selected using a selection rate of 10% based on cone number independently or other combined traits. The genetic gain for different traits ranged from 6.2 to 24.3%. The selected elite clones can supply seedlings for reforestation and the selection method can provide a theoretical basis for selection in other conifer species.

ACS Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Yuxi Li; Dawei Zhang; Hongtao Li; Zuoyi Fan; Jingyuan Wang; Lianfu Wang; Qi Wang; Deqiu Wang; Vincent L. Chiang; Xiyang Zhao. Clonal variations in cone, seed and nut traits in a Pinus koraiensis seed orchard in Northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research 2020, 32, 171 -179.

AMA Style

David Kombi Kaviriri, Yuxi Li, Dawei Zhang, Hongtao Li, Zuoyi Fan, Jingyuan Wang, Lianfu Wang, Qi Wang, Deqiu Wang, Vincent L. Chiang, Xiyang Zhao. Clonal variations in cone, seed and nut traits in a Pinus koraiensis seed orchard in Northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research. 2020; 32 (1):171-179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Kombi Kaviriri; Yuxi Li; Dawei Zhang; Hongtao Li; Zuoyi Fan; Jingyuan Wang; Lianfu Wang; Qi Wang; Deqiu Wang; Vincent L. Chiang; Xiyang Zhao. 2020. "Clonal variations in cone, seed and nut traits in a Pinus koraiensis seed orchard in Northeast China." Journal of Forestry Research 32, no. 1: 171-179.