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Dr. Lee Smith
Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 2LZ, UK

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0 Epidemiology
0 Exercise
0 Musculoskeletal Disorders
0 Neuroscience
0 Occupational Health

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Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Journal of Ageing and Longevity
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(1) Objectives: The study aimed to examine data from Malta’s Health Interview Survey (HIS) to assess differences between persons in employment and those retired, across different time periods. (2) Methods: A repeat cross-sectional design was adopted. Data that were collected over a period of 12 years included three cross-sectional HIS waves (2002, 2008 and 2014). Data were analysed cross-sectionally and longitudinally using multilevel analysis. (3) Results: In total, 4690 participants between the ages of 50 and 74 years provided data on physical activity (PA). A statistical difference was found between those employed and retired, with the latter undertaking less PA MET min per week in 2002 and 2008. There was no difference in 2014. When adjusting for covariates, people in employment carried out less PA MET min per week (OR-0.16–−0.02) compared to retired individuals. Using multilevel modelling, this study shows that individual factors such BMI and long-standing illness are predictors of PA behaviour as opposed to time trends. (4) Conclusion: Retirement can increase PA measured in MET minutes per week. Individual factors such as BMI, long-standing health problems and self-rated health could be causing the higher levels seen in the employed population during the studied period.

ACS Style

Karl Spiteri; John Xerri de Caro; Kathleen England; Neville Calleja; Lee Smith; Kate Grafton; David R. Broom. Physical Activity Behaviour in 50- to 74-Year-Olds: Differences between Employed and Retired Individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2021, 1, 11 -23.

AMA Style

Karl Spiteri, John Xerri de Caro, Kathleen England, Neville Calleja, Lee Smith, Kate Grafton, David R. Broom. Physical Activity Behaviour in 50- to 74-Year-Olds: Differences between Employed and Retired Individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longevity. 2021; 1 (1):11-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karl Spiteri; John Xerri de Caro; Kathleen England; Neville Calleja; Lee Smith; Kate Grafton; David R. Broom. 2021. "Physical Activity Behaviour in 50- to 74-Year-Olds: Differences between Employed and Retired Individuals." Journal of Ageing and Longevity 1, no. 1: 11-23.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 12 July 2021 in The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
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Background Only a few studies have been carried out with a large sample size on the relationship between chronic conditions and hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is no research examining recently diagnosed conditions. Our purpose was to evaluate this association in a large sample including the older population from Europe and Israel. Method Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe COVID-19 Survey, a representative survey of individuals aged 50 or older residing in 27 European countries and Israel, were retrieved. Associations between recently diagnosed chronic conditions (ie, conditions detected over the last 3 years) (exposure) and hospitalization due to COVID-19 (outcome) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 51 514 participants on average 71.0 (SD = 9.2) years old were included. Participants with multimorbidity (ie, 2 or more recently diagnosed conditions) had significantly higher odds for COVID-19 hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.91 [95% CI = 2.14–7.12]). Independent conditions such as lung disease (AOR = 16.94 [95% CI = 9.27–30.95]), heart disease (AOR = 3.29 [95% CI = 1.50–7.21]), or cancer (AOR = 3.45 [95% CI = 1.26–9.48]) showed particularly high odds for hospitalization due to COVID-19. Conclusions People with recently diagnosed diseases, and in particular those having lung disease, heart disease, or cancer, were significantly more likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19.

ACS Style

Rubén López-Bueno; Rodrigo Torres-Castro; Ai Koyanagi; Lee Smith; Pinar Soysal; Joaquín Calatayud. Associations Between Recently Diagnosed Conditions and Hospitalization due to COVID-19 in Patients Aged 50 Years and Older—A SHARE-Based Analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Rubén López-Bueno, Rodrigo Torres-Castro, Ai Koyanagi, Lee Smith, Pinar Soysal, Joaquín Calatayud. Associations Between Recently Diagnosed Conditions and Hospitalization due to COVID-19 in Patients Aged 50 Years and Older—A SHARE-Based Analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rubén López-Bueno; Rodrigo Torres-Castro; Ai Koyanagi; Lee Smith; Pinar Soysal; Joaquín Calatayud. 2021. "Associations Between Recently Diagnosed Conditions and Hospitalization due to COVID-19 in Patients Aged 50 Years and Older—A SHARE-Based Analysis." The Journals of Gerontology: Series A , no. : 1.

Brief report
Published: 12 July 2021 in Epidemiologia
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Studies from around the globe have found that urbanicity is associated with greater risk for certain psychiatric disorders, though the association has been less evident in the United States. We analyzed data collected in 2019 from the RAND American Life Panel (n = 2554), which were representative of the general adult population of the United States. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the associations between environment of birthplace (large urban, small urban, suburban, rural) and psychiatric disorders, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We found that being born in a large urban area was associated with greater odds of having any psychiatric disorder when compared with being born in a rural area. However, when looking at specific disorders, we found that being born in a large urban area was only significantly associated greater odds of anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but was not associated with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or alcohol/substance use disorder. Being born in a small urban area was marginally associated with anxiety disorder. Future studies should examine why urban birthplace has only been associated with anxiety disorders and PTSD in the United States, and why urbanicity is associated with mood disorders in other parts of the world but not in the United States.

ACS Style

Hans Oh; Jessica Goehring; Louis Jacob; Lee Smith. The Environment of Birthplace and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions: Findings from the American Panel of Life. Epidemiologia 2021, 2, 256 -261.

AMA Style

Hans Oh, Jessica Goehring, Louis Jacob, Lee Smith. The Environment of Birthplace and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions: Findings from the American Panel of Life. Epidemiologia. 2021; 2 (3):256-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans Oh; Jessica Goehring; Louis Jacob; Lee Smith. 2021. "The Environment of Birthplace and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions: Findings from the American Panel of Life." Epidemiologia 2, no. 3: 256-261.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are important conditions which often coexist. Higher rates of comorbidities among people with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) may complicate clinical management. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of 30 different comorbidities and to analyze associations between these comorbidities and physical activity (PA) in Spanish people with ACO. Cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 were analyzed. A total of 198 Spanish people with ACO aged 15–69 years (60.6% women) were included in this study. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. Diagnosis of chronic conditions were self-reported. Associations between PA and comorbidities were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. The most prevalent comorbidities were chronic allergy (58.1%), chronic lumbar pain (42.4%), chronic cervical pain (38.4%), hypertension (33.3%) and arthrosis (31.8%). A PA level lower than 600 MET·min/week was significantly associated with urinary incontinence (OR = 3.499, 95% CI = 1.369–8.944) and osteoporosis (OR = 3.056, 95% CI = 1.094–8.538) in the final adjusted model. Therefore, the potential influence of PA on reducing the risk of these conditions among people with ACO should be considered, not only because of the health benefits, but also because PA can contribute to a more sustainable world.

ACS Style

Sheila Sánchez Castillo; Lee Smith; Arturo Díaz Suárez; Guillermo López Sánchez. Association between Physical Activity and Comorbidities in Spanish People with Asthma-COPD Overlap. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7580 .

AMA Style

Sheila Sánchez Castillo, Lee Smith, Arturo Díaz Suárez, Guillermo López Sánchez. Association between Physical Activity and Comorbidities in Spanish People with Asthma-COPD Overlap. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheila Sánchez Castillo; Lee Smith; Arturo Díaz Suárez; Guillermo López Sánchez. 2021. "Association between Physical Activity and Comorbidities in Spanish People with Asthma-COPD Overlap." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7580.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Medical care of transgender and non-binary (TNB) patients if often a complex interdisciplinary effort involving a variety of healthcare workers (HCWs) and services. Physicians not only act as gatekeepers to routine or transitioning therapies but are also HCWs with the most intimate and time-intensive patient interaction, which influences TNB patients’ experiences and health behaviors and healthcare utilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the physician–patient relationship in a sample of TNB individuals within the Austrian healthcare system, and explore its associations with sociodemographic, health-, and identity-related characteristics. A cross-sectional study utilizing an 56-item online questionnaire, including the Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire 9 (PDRQ-9), was carried out between June and October 2020. The study involved TNB individuals 18 or older, residing in Austria, and previously or currently undergoing medical transition. In total, 91 participants took part, of whom 33.0% and 25.3% self-identified as trans men and trans women, respectively, and 41.8% as non-binary. Among participants, 82.7% reported being in the process of medical transitioning, 58.1% perceived physicians as the most problematic HCWs, and 60.5% stated having never or rarely been taken seriously in medical settings. Non-binary participants showed significantly lower PDRQ-9 scores, reflecting a worse patient–physician relationship compared to trans male participants. TNB patients in Austria often report negative experiences based on their gender identity. Physicians should be aware of these interactions and reflect potentially harmful behavioral patterns in order to establish unbiased and trustful relations.

ACS Style

Lovro Markovic; Daragh McDermott; Sinisa Stefanac; Radhika Seiler-Ramadas; Darina Iabloncsik; Lee Smith; Lin Yang; Kathrin Kirchheiner; Richard Crevenna; Igor Grabovac. Experiences and Interactions with the Healthcare System in Transgender and Non-Binary Patients in Austria: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6895 .

AMA Style

Lovro Markovic, Daragh McDermott, Sinisa Stefanac, Radhika Seiler-Ramadas, Darina Iabloncsik, Lee Smith, Lin Yang, Kathrin Kirchheiner, Richard Crevenna, Igor Grabovac. Experiences and Interactions with the Healthcare System in Transgender and Non-Binary Patients in Austria: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lovro Markovic; Daragh McDermott; Sinisa Stefanac; Radhika Seiler-Ramadas; Darina Iabloncsik; Lee Smith; Lin Yang; Kathrin Kirchheiner; Richard Crevenna; Igor Grabovac. 2021. "Experiences and Interactions with the Healthcare System in Transgender and Non-Binary Patients in Austria: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6895.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Purpose: to quantify and compare pre- and post-surgical incontinence pad use between men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa) and cancer-free controls, using population-based Austrian insurance claims data. Methods: Men who underwent RP for treating PCa between 2013–2015 were identified. Cancer-free men ≥45 years with and without benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were used as controls. Longitudinal data on ICD-diagnoses, type of surgery, prescribed incontinence pads, and hospitals’ surgery volumes were aggregated between 2011–2018 to capture pre- and up to three years post-RP follow-up. Monthly rates of pad use were calculated and compared between RP types and cancer-free controls. Results: A total of 6248 RP patients, 7158 cancer-free men with BPH, and 50,257 cancer-free men without BPH were analyzed. Comparing to pre-RP (0.03, 95%CI: 0.02–0.05), RP resulted in significantly higher rates of prescribed pads (at 3 months: 12.61, 95%CI: 11.59–13.65; 12 months: 6.71, 95%CI: 6.10–7.34; 36 months: 4.91, 95%CI: 3.76–4.62). These rates were also higher than those for cancer free controls (with BPH:0.06, 95%CI: 0.04–0.09; without BPH:0.12, 95%CI: 0.10–0.14). The rate of prescribed pads after surgery continued to decline over time and remained higher among men who underwent minimally invasive RP compared to those who underwent an open procedure. Conclusion: Despite progress in surgical techniques, post-RP incontinence remains a prevalent adverse event. The rate of pad usage steadily improved over the first three years post RP. The rate of patients with incontinence needing pads was higher among those who were treated minimally invasive compared to open approach.

ACS Style

Dong-Ho Mun; Lin Yang; Shahrokh Shariat; Sylvia Reitter-Pfoertner; Gerald Gredinger; Thomas Waldhoer. Difference in Incontinence Pad Use between Patients after Radical Prostatectomy and Cancer-Free Population with Subgroup Analysis for Open vs. Minimally Invasive Radical Prostatectomy: A Descriptive Analysis of Insurance Claims-Based Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6891 .

AMA Style

Dong-Ho Mun, Lin Yang, Shahrokh Shariat, Sylvia Reitter-Pfoertner, Gerald Gredinger, Thomas Waldhoer. Difference in Incontinence Pad Use between Patients after Radical Prostatectomy and Cancer-Free Population with Subgroup Analysis for Open vs. Minimally Invasive Radical Prostatectomy: A Descriptive Analysis of Insurance Claims-Based Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6891.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Ho Mun; Lin Yang; Shahrokh Shariat; Sylvia Reitter-Pfoertner; Gerald Gredinger; Thomas Waldhoer. 2021. "Difference in Incontinence Pad Use between Patients after Radical Prostatectomy and Cancer-Free Population with Subgroup Analysis for Open vs. Minimally Invasive Radical Prostatectomy: A Descriptive Analysis of Insurance Claims-Based Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6891.

Review
Published: 26 June 2021 in Journal of Psychiatric Research
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The study aimed to identify whether people diagnosed with depression have endothelial dysfunction, assessed by the technique of flow-mediated dilation (FMD), when compared to controls without depression. In addition, to verify whether people with depressive symptoms have impaired endothelial function when compared to controls without symptoms. Also to explore the potential moderators of the association between depression and endothelial dysfunction. Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and Web of Science, from inception to April 16, 2021, for studies in people with depression and controls evaluating endothelial function through FMD. The primary outcome was the percentage of change in FMD. Comparative random effects meta-analysis, calculating the mean difference (MD) of the FMD between depressed and controls was performed. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regressions and subgroup analyses. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020192070). Nine studies evaluating 1367 participants (379 depressed and 988 controls) (median age = 39.8 years, 44.9% men) were included. People with depression had lower FMD = −1.48% (95%CI = −2.62 to −0.33). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels moderated the effect (beta = −0.408, 95%CI = −0.776 to −0.040). Differences in FMD were found when assessment was done in the first minute after release of the occlusion, when using occlusion position in distal forearm, and when using occlusion pressure between 250 and 300 mmHg. Those with clinical depression (established by diagnostic instruments) presented the greatest dysfunction. Individuals with depression have a more impaired endothelial dysfunction when compared to controls. HDL cholesterol levels and differences in FMD assessment modalities moderate the difference.

ACS Style

Aline J. Waclawovsky; Edineia de Brito; Lee Smith; Davy Vancampfort; Antônio M.V. da Silva; Felipe B. Schuch. Endothelial dysfunction in people with depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2021, 141, 152 -159.

AMA Style

Aline J. Waclawovsky, Edineia de Brito, Lee Smith, Davy Vancampfort, Antônio M.V. da Silva, Felipe B. Schuch. Endothelial dysfunction in people with depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2021; 141 ():152-159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aline J. Waclawovsky; Edineia de Brito; Lee Smith; Davy Vancampfort; Antônio M.V. da Silva; Felipe B. Schuch. 2021. "Endothelial dysfunction in people with depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Psychiatric Research 141, no. : 152-159.

Review article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
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Globally, it is estimated that approximately 1.3 billion people live with some form of hearing impairment. Major causes of hearing loss include infection/disease, age-related factors, and occupational factors. Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to synthesise literature on these topics. To date there has not been a systematic evaluation of the relationships between hearing impairment and diverse physical, mental, and social outcomes. We performed an umbrella review of systematic reviews of observational studies with meta-analyses for any physical disease, biomarkers of disease, mental health or cognitive outcomes, and/or modifiable risk factors associated with hearing impairment. For each meta-analytic association, random effects summary effect size, 95% confidence intervals, heterogeneity, evidence for small-study effect, excess significance bias and 95% prediction intervals were calculated, and risk of bias was assessed via the AMSTAR2 tool. These were used to grade significant evidence (p < 0.05) from I to IV, using the recommendations from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. From 3747 studies, 21 were included covering 54 outcomes. Overall, 44/54 outcomes (82%) yielded significant results. Of the highest quality evidence, age-related hearing loss and non-specific hearing impairment were negatively associated with several types of cognitive impairments; pediatric bilateral hearing loss was negatively associated with quality of life, sensorineural hearing loss was positively associated with rheumatoid arthritis and tinnitus was positively associated with temporomandibular disorders. Results show moderate quality evidence for associations between several types of hearing impairments and cognitive difficulties, quality of life and systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Practitioners and public health policies should note these findings when developing relevant healthcare policies.

ACS Style

Mike Trott; Lee Smith; Tao Xiao; Nicola Veronese; Ai Koyanagi; Louis Jacob; Guillermo F. Lopez-Sanchez; Yvonne Barnett; Shahina Pardhan. Hearing impairment and diverse health outcomes. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Mike Trott, Lee Smith, Tao Xiao, Nicola Veronese, Ai Koyanagi, Louis Jacob, Guillermo F. Lopez-Sanchez, Yvonne Barnett, Shahina Pardhan. Hearing impairment and diverse health outcomes. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2021; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mike Trott; Lee Smith; Tao Xiao; Nicola Veronese; Ai Koyanagi; Louis Jacob; Guillermo F. Lopez-Sanchez; Yvonne Barnett; Shahina Pardhan. 2021. "Hearing impairment and diverse health outcomes." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift , no. : 1-14.

Letter to the editor
Published: 21 June 2021 in Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
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ACS Style

Michael Anthonius Lim; Lee Smith. COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call for lifestyle-related preventable conditions in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2021, 33, 2367 -2368.

AMA Style

Michael Anthonius Lim, Lee Smith. COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call for lifestyle-related preventable conditions in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2021; 33 (8):2367-2368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Anthonius Lim; Lee Smith. 2021. "COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call for lifestyle-related preventable conditions in older adults." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 33, no. 8: 2367-2368.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Journal of Medical Internet Research
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Background The use of social big data is an important emerging concern in public health. Internet search volumes are useful data that can sensitively detect trends of the public's attention during a pandemic outbreak situation. Objective Our study aimed to analyze the public’s interest in COVID-19 proliferation, identify the correlation between the proliferation of COVID-19 and interest in immunity and products that have been reported to confer an enhancement of immunity, and suggest measures for interventions that should be implemented from a health and medical point of view. Methods To assess the level of public interest in infectious diseases during the initial days of the COVID-19 outbreak, we extracted Google search data from January 20, 2020, onward and compared them to data from March 15, 2020, which was approximately 2 months after the COVID-19 outbreak began. In order to determine whether the public became interested in the immune system, we selected coronavirus, immune, and vitamin as our final search terms. Results The increase in the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases that occurred after January 20, 2020, had a strong positive correlation with the search volumes for the terms coronavirus (R=0.786; P<.001), immune (R=0.745; P<.001), and vitamin (R=0.778; P<.001), and the correlations between variables were all mutually statistically significant. Moreover, these correlations were confirmed on a country basis when we restricted our analyses to the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Korea. Our findings revealed that increases in search volumes for the terms coronavirus and immune preceded the actual occurrences of confirmed cases. Conclusions Our study shows that during the initial phase of the COVID-19 crisis, the public’s desire and actions of strengthening their own immune systems were enhanced. Further, in the early stage of a pandemic, social media platforms have a high potential for informing the public about potentially helpful measures to prevent the spread of an infectious disease and provide relevant information about immunity, thereby increasing the public’s knowledge.

ACS Style

Jinhee Lee; Yunna Kwan; Jun Young Lee; Jae Il Shin; Keum Hwa Lee; Sung Hwi Hong; Young Joo Han; Andreas Kronbichler; Lee Smith; Ai Koyanagi; Louis Jacob; Sungwon Choi; Ramy Abou Ghayda; Myung-Bae Park. Public Interest in Immunity and the Justification for Intervention in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021, 23, e26368 .

AMA Style

Jinhee Lee, Yunna Kwan, Jun Young Lee, Jae Il Shin, Keum Hwa Lee, Sung Hwi Hong, Young Joo Han, Andreas Kronbichler, Lee Smith, Ai Koyanagi, Louis Jacob, Sungwon Choi, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Myung-Bae Park. Public Interest in Immunity and the Justification for Intervention in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2021; 23 (6):e26368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinhee Lee; Yunna Kwan; Jun Young Lee; Jae Il Shin; Keum Hwa Lee; Sung Hwi Hong; Young Joo Han; Andreas Kronbichler; Lee Smith; Ai Koyanagi; Louis Jacob; Sungwon Choi; Ramy Abou Ghayda; Myung-Bae Park. 2021. "Public Interest in Immunity and the Justification for Intervention in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends Data." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 6: e26368.

Original article
Published: 05 June 2021 in Sport Sciences for Health
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The COVID-19 pandemic imposed major changes on daily-life routine worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, no study quantified the changes on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) and its correlates in Brazilians. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the changes (pre versus during pandemic) in time spent in MVPA and SB in self-isolating Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (ii) to explore correlates. A cross-sectional, retrospective, self-report online web survey, evaluating the time spent in MVPA and SB pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic in self-isolating people in Brazil. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical measures, and time in self-isolation were also obtained. Changes in MVPA and SB and their correlates were explored using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Models were adjusted for covariates. A total of 877 participants (72.7% women, 53.7% young adults [18–34 years]) were included. Overall, participants reported a 59.7% reduction (95% CI 35.6–82.2) in time spent on MVPA during the pandemic, equivalent to 64.28 (95% CI 36.06–83.33) minutes per day. Time spent in SB increased 42.0% (95% CI 31.7–52.5), corresponding to an increase of 152.3 (95% CI 111.9–192.7) minutes per day. Greater reductions in MVPA and increases in SB were seen in younger adults, those not married, those employed, and those with a self-reported previous diagnosis of a mental disorder. People in self-isolation significantly reduced MVPA levels and increased SB. Public health strategies are needed to mitigate the impact of self-isolation on MVPA and SB.

ACS Style

Felipe Barreto Schuch; Rugero A. Bulzing; Jacob Meyer; Guillermo F. López-Sánchez; Igor Grabovac; Peter Willeit; Davy Vancampfort; Cristina M. Caperchione; Kabir P. Sadarangani; André O. Werneck; Philip B. Ward; Mark Tully; Lee Smith. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior changes in self-isolating adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional survey exploring correlates. Sport Sciences for Health 2021, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Felipe Barreto Schuch, Rugero A. Bulzing, Jacob Meyer, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Igor Grabovac, Peter Willeit, Davy Vancampfort, Cristina M. Caperchione, Kabir P. Sadarangani, André O. Werneck, Philip B. Ward, Mark Tully, Lee Smith. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior changes in self-isolating adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional survey exploring correlates. Sport Sciences for Health. 2021; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe Barreto Schuch; Rugero A. Bulzing; Jacob Meyer; Guillermo F. López-Sánchez; Igor Grabovac; Peter Willeit; Davy Vancampfort; Cristina M. Caperchione; Kabir P. Sadarangani; André O. Werneck; Philip B. Ward; Mark Tully; Lee Smith. 2021. "Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior changes in self-isolating adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional survey exploring correlates." Sport Sciences for Health , no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2021 in Nutrients
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Limited literature has investigated the association between food insecurity and sarcopenia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and sarcopenia among adults aged ≥65 years in six LMICs. Community-based cross-sectional data of the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined as the presence of low skeletal muscle mass based on indirect population formula, and either slow gait or low handgrip strength. In the past, 12-month food insecurity was assessed with two questions on frequency of eating less and hunger due to lack of food. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. The final sample consisted of 14,585 individuals aged ≥65 years (mean (SD) age 72.6 (11.5) years; 55.0% females). The prevalence of sarcopenia among those with no food insecurity was 13.0% but this increased to 24.4% among those with severe food insecurity. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared to no food insecurity, severe food insecurity was associated with 2.05 (95%CI = 1.12–3.73) times higher odds for sarcopenia. In this large representative sample of older adults from multiple LMICs, it was found that severe food insecurity is associated with higher odds for sarcopenia. Addressing food insecurity in such settings may be an effective strategy to curb the high prevalence of sarcopenia in LMICs.

ACS Style

Lee Smith; Louis Jacob; Yvonne Barnett; Laurie Butler; Jae Shin; Guillermo López-Sánchez; Pinar Soysal; Nicola Veronese; Josep Haro; Ai Koyanagi. Association between Food Insecurity and Sarcopenia among Adults Aged ≥65 Years in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1879 .

AMA Style

Lee Smith, Louis Jacob, Yvonne Barnett, Laurie Butler, Jae Shin, Guillermo López-Sánchez, Pinar Soysal, Nicola Veronese, Josep Haro, Ai Koyanagi. Association between Food Insecurity and Sarcopenia among Adults Aged ≥65 Years in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (6):1879.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Smith; Louis Jacob; Yvonne Barnett; Laurie Butler; Jae Shin; Guillermo López-Sánchez; Pinar Soysal; Nicola Veronese; Josep Haro; Ai Koyanagi. 2021. "Association between Food Insecurity and Sarcopenia among Adults Aged ≥65 Years in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1879.

Case report
Published: 28 May 2021 in Surgeries
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Background: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a rare necrotising soft tissue infection localised in the genital areas with possible dramatic outcomes. Recently, sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were identified as a risk factor. Methods: We present a case report of a 57-year-old female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in treatment with empagliflozin which led to the development of FG. Moreover, we performed a systematic review assessing the association between empagliflozin use and FG. Results: The female patient with 15-years treated diabetes presented a massive FG after 6 months from starting empagliflozin. Over the period of two months, she was successfully treated in a low-income setting. The systematic review included two studies with a total of 9915 participants. Although no participant had FG, there was an increased rate of urinary and genital infection in patients treated with empagliflozin compared to those treated with other antidiabetics or placebo. Conclusions: FG should be considered as a possible complication in patients using SGLT2. Patients should be educated to report early signs of genital infection and healthy behaviours as well as a balanced diet should be promoted to aid in the prevention of FG.

ACS Style

Mario Antunes; Antonio de León; Damiano Pizzol; Amir Seni; Mike Trott; Anne Carrie; Petre-Cristian Ilie; Nicola Veronese; Lee Smith. Empagliflozin Use and Fournier’s Gangrene: Case Report and Systematic Literature Review. Surgeries 2021, 2, 174 -179.

AMA Style

Mario Antunes, Antonio de León, Damiano Pizzol, Amir Seni, Mike Trott, Anne Carrie, Petre-Cristian Ilie, Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith. Empagliflozin Use and Fournier’s Gangrene: Case Report and Systematic Literature Review. Surgeries. 2021; 2 (2):174-179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mario Antunes; Antonio de León; Damiano Pizzol; Amir Seni; Mike Trott; Anne Carrie; Petre-Cristian Ilie; Nicola Veronese; Lee Smith. 2021. "Empagliflozin Use and Fournier’s Gangrene: Case Report and Systematic Literature Review." Surgeries 2, no. 2: 174-179.

Review
Published: 28 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Laparoscopy is a procedure that ultimately reduces hospital stay time and speeds up post-operative recovery. It is mainly performed in high-income countries but its implementation in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasing. However, no aggregate data exist regarding the outcomes of this procedure in resource-limited settings. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of laparoscopy recorded from January 2007 to March 2017 at the Department of Surgery of Beira to assess the related outcomes. Moreover, we performed a systematic review of the laparoscopic practices and outcomes in low-income countries. Data from the Department of Surgery of Beira identified 363 laparoscopic procedures, mainly relating to gynecological diseases, cholelithiasis, and appendicectomy with only a 1.6% complication rate (6 cases) and a 1.9% conversion rate (7 cases) to open surgery. The systematic review showed a pooled risk of overall complications significantly lower in laparoscopic vs. open appendicectomy (OR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.19–0.97; I2 = 85.7%) and a significantly lower risk of infection (OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.43–0.65; I2 = 0.00%). The pooled SMD in operation duration in laparoscopic vs. open appendectomy was 0.58 (95% CI −0.00; 1.15; I2 = 96.52), while the pooled SMD in hospitalization days was −1.35 (95% CI −1.87; −0.82; I2 = 96.41). Laparoscopy is an expensive procedure to adopt as it requires new equipment and specialized trained health workers. However, it could reduce post-operative costs and complications, especially in terms of infections. It is crucial to increase its accessibility, acceptability, and quality particularly in LMICs, especially during this COVID-19 era when the reduction of patient hospitalization is essential.

ACS Style

Damiano Pizzol; Mike Trott; Igor Grabovac; Mario Antunes; Anna Colangelo; Simona Ippoliti; Cristian Ilie; Anne Carrie; Nicola Veronese; Lee Smith. Laparoscopy in Low-Income Countries: 10-Year Experience and Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5796 .

AMA Style

Damiano Pizzol, Mike Trott, Igor Grabovac, Mario Antunes, Anna Colangelo, Simona Ippoliti, Cristian Ilie, Anne Carrie, Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith. Laparoscopy in Low-Income Countries: 10-Year Experience and Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5796.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damiano Pizzol; Mike Trott; Igor Grabovac; Mario Antunes; Anna Colangelo; Simona Ippoliti; Cristian Ilie; Anne Carrie; Nicola Veronese; Lee Smith. 2021. "Laparoscopy in Low-Income Countries: 10-Year Experience and Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5796.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The worldwide prevalence of insufficient physical activity (PA) and prolonged sedentary behavior (SB) were high before the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Measures that were taken by governments (such as home confinement) to control the spread of COVID-19 may have affected levels of PA and SB. This cross-sectional study among South American adults during the first months of COVID-19 aims to (i) compare sitting time (ST), screen exposure, moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) before and during lockdown to sociodemographic correlates and (ii) to assess the impact of lockdown on combinations of groups reporting meeting/not-meeting PA recommendations and engaging/not-engaging excessive ST (≥7 h/day). Bivariate associations, effect sizes, and multivariable linear regressions were used. Adults from Argentina (n = 575) and Chile (n = 730) completed an online survey with questions regarding demographics, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases. Mean reductions of 42.7 and 22.0 min./day were shown in MPA and VPA, respectively; while increases of 212.4 and 164.3 min./day were observed in screen and ST, respectively. Those who met PA recommendations and spent <7 h/day of ST experienced greatest changes, reporting greater than 3 h/day higher ST and more than 1.5 h/day lower MVPA. Findings from the present study suggest that efforts to promote PA to South American adults during and after COVID-19 restrictions are needed.

ACS Style

Kabir Sadarangani; Gabriela De Roia; Pablo Lobo; Robinson Chavez; Jacob Meyer; Carlos Cristi-Montero; David Martinez-Gomez; Gerson Ferrari; Felipe Schuch; Alejandro Gil-Salmerón; Marco Solmi; Nicola Veronese; Hosam Alzahrani; Igor Grabovac; Cristina Caperchione; Mark Tully; Lee Smith. Changes in Sitting Time, Screen Exposure and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown in South American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5239 .

AMA Style

Kabir Sadarangani, Gabriela De Roia, Pablo Lobo, Robinson Chavez, Jacob Meyer, Carlos Cristi-Montero, David Martinez-Gomez, Gerson Ferrari, Felipe Schuch, Alejandro Gil-Salmerón, Marco Solmi, Nicola Veronese, Hosam Alzahrani, Igor Grabovac, Cristina Caperchione, Mark Tully, Lee Smith. Changes in Sitting Time, Screen Exposure and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown in South American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (10):5239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kabir Sadarangani; Gabriela De Roia; Pablo Lobo; Robinson Chavez; Jacob Meyer; Carlos Cristi-Montero; David Martinez-Gomez; Gerson Ferrari; Felipe Schuch; Alejandro Gil-Salmerón; Marco Solmi; Nicola Veronese; Hosam Alzahrani; Igor Grabovac; Cristina Caperchione; Mark Tully; Lee Smith. 2021. "Changes in Sitting Time, Screen Exposure and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown in South American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5239.

Correction
Published: 10 May 2021 in European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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Rubén López-Bueno; Joaquín Calatayud; Lars Louis Andersen; José Casaña; Yasmín Ezzatvar; José Antonio Casajús; Guillermo Felipe López-Sánchez; Lee Smith. Correction to: cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents before and after the COVID-19 confinement: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2021, 180, 2295 -2295.

AMA Style

Rubén López-Bueno, Joaquín Calatayud, Lars Louis Andersen, José Casaña, Yasmín Ezzatvar, José Antonio Casajús, Guillermo Felipe López-Sánchez, Lee Smith. Correction to: cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents before and after the COVID-19 confinement: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2021; 180 (7):2295-2295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rubén López-Bueno; Joaquín Calatayud; Lars Louis Andersen; José Casaña; Yasmín Ezzatvar; José Antonio Casajús; Guillermo Felipe López-Sánchez; Lee Smith. 2021. "Correction to: cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents before and after the COVID-19 confinement: a prospective cohort study." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 180, no. 7: 2295-2295.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2021 in Journal of Affective Disorders
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: Anxiety may be a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but there is a scarcity of data on this association especially from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Thus, we investigated the association between anxiety and MCI among older adults residing in six LMICs (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa), and the mediational effect of sleep problems in this association. : Cross-sectional, community-based, nationally representative data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, meta-analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted to assess associations. : The final sample included 32,715 individuals aged ≥50 years with preservation in functional abilities [mean (standard deviation) age 62.1 (15.6) years; 48.3% males]. Country-wise analysis showed a positive association between anxiety and MCI in all countries (OR 1.35-14.33). The pooled estimate based on meta-analysis with random effects was OR=2.27 (95%CI=1.35-3.83). Sleep problems explained 41.1% of this association. : Older adults with anxiety had higher odds for MCI in LMICs. Future studies should examine whether preventing anxiety or addressing anxiety among individuals with MCI can lead to lower risk for dementia onset in LMICs, while the role of sleep problems in this association should be investigated in detail.

ACS Style

Lee Smith; Louis Jacob; Guillermo F. López-Sánchez; Laurie Butler; Yvonne Barnett; Nicola Veronese; Pinar Soysal; Lin Yang; Igor Grabovac; Mark A Tully; Jae Il Shin; Ai Koyanagi. Anxiety symptoms and mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults from low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Affective Disorders 2021, 291, 57 -64.

AMA Style

Lee Smith, Louis Jacob, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Laurie Butler, Yvonne Barnett, Nicola Veronese, Pinar Soysal, Lin Yang, Igor Grabovac, Mark A Tully, Jae Il Shin, Ai Koyanagi. Anxiety symptoms and mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults from low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021; 291 ():57-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Smith; Louis Jacob; Guillermo F. López-Sánchez; Laurie Butler; Yvonne Barnett; Nicola Veronese; Pinar Soysal; Lin Yang; Igor Grabovac; Mark A Tully; Jae Il Shin; Ai Koyanagi. 2021. "Anxiety symptoms and mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults from low- and middle-income countries." Journal of Affective Disorders 291, no. : 57-64.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2021
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Lee Smith; Jae Il Shin; Yvonne Barnett; Peter M Allen; Rosie Lindsay; Damiano Pizzol; Louis Jacob; Hans Oh; Lin Yang; Mark A Tully; Nicola Veronese; Ai Koyanagi. Association of objective visual impairment with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults aged ≥50 years in low/middle-income countries. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Lee Smith, Jae Il Shin, Yvonne Barnett, Peter M Allen, Rosie Lindsay, Damiano Pizzol, Louis Jacob, Hans Oh, Lin Yang, Mark A Tully, Nicola Veronese, Ai Koyanagi. Association of objective visual impairment with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults aged ≥50 years in low/middle-income countries. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Smith; Jae Il Shin; Yvonne Barnett; Peter M Allen; Rosie Lindsay; Damiano Pizzol; Louis Jacob; Hans Oh; Lin Yang; Mark A Tully; Nicola Veronese; Ai Koyanagi. 2021. "Association of objective visual impairment with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults aged ≥50 years in low/middle-income countries." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Objective: Immigrants enjoy a health advantage over their US-born counterparts (termed the immigrant paradox), though the extent of this paradox may not extend to all health outcomes. Methods: We analyzed data from the RAND American Life Panel. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the associations between immigrant status and a wide range of health outcomes (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, mental health), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Being an immigrant was associated with lower odds of having any health condition, multimorbidity, and number of health conditions. When looking at specific conditions, however, immigrant status was only significantly associated with lower odds of depression, nerve problem causing numbness or pain, and obesity, but not other conditions. Conclusion: The immigrant paradox is evident when examining overall health, and specifically depression, nerve problems, and obesity.

ACS Style

Hans Oh; Jessica Goehring; Louis Jacob; Lee Smith. Revisiting the Immigrant Epidemiological Paradox: Findings from the American Panel of Life 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4619 .

AMA Style

Hans Oh, Jessica Goehring, Louis Jacob, Lee Smith. Revisiting the Immigrant Epidemiological Paradox: Findings from the American Panel of Life 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans Oh; Jessica Goehring; Louis Jacob; Lee Smith. 2021. "Revisiting the Immigrant Epidemiological Paradox: Findings from the American Panel of Life 2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4619.

Systematic review
Published: 23 April 2021 in Nutrients
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We evaluated the impact of protein supplementation on adaptations to arduous concurrent training in healthy adults with potential applications to individuals undergoing military training. Peer-reviewed papers published in English meeting the population, intervention, comparison and outcome criteria were included. Database searches were completed in PubMed, Web of science and SPORTDiscus. Study quality was evaluated using the COnsensus based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist. Of 11 studies included, nine focused on performance, six on body composition and four on muscle recovery. Cohen’s d effect sizes showed that protein supplementation improved performance outcomes in response to concurrent training (ES = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.08–1.70). When analysed separately, improvements in muscle strength (SMD = +4.92 kg, 95% CI = −2.70–12.54 kg) were found, but not in aerobic endurance. Gains in fat-free mass (SMD = +0.75 kg, 95% CI = 0.44–1.06 kg) and reductions in fat-mass (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI = −1.43–0.23 kg) were greater with protein supplementation. Most studies did not report protein turnover, nitrogen balance and/or total daily protein intake. Therefore, further research is warranted. However, our findings infer that protein supplementation may support lean-mass accretion and strength gains during arduous concurrent training in physical active populations, including military recruits.

ACS Style

Shaun Chapman; Henry Chung; Alex Rawcliffe; Rachel Izard; Lee Smith; Justin Roberts. Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1416 .

AMA Style

Shaun Chapman, Henry Chung, Alex Rawcliffe, Rachel Izard, Lee Smith, Justin Roberts. Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (5):1416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaun Chapman; Henry Chung; Alex Rawcliffe; Rachel Izard; Lee Smith; Justin Roberts. 2021. "Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications." Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1416.