Since circuit-based solutions for increasing the efficiency of Class AB audio amplifiers have reached their peak, this article presents a non-circuit-based approach for the same purpose. The output transistors of this class of amplifiers dissipate a significant amount of thermal energy, resulting in relatively low amplifier efficiency and requiring the transistors to be mounted on large heatsinks. This study was conducted with the aim of capturing the waste heat energy dissipated by the output transistors and converting it into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which can then be used to increase the efficiency of the amplifier system. In addition to improving efficiency, this study aims to determine the extent to which heatsinks with smaller dimensions can be used in combination with the amplifier through the use of TEGs, potentially leading to a wider commercial application of Class AB audio amplifiers. The experimental results show that the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of TEGs reached 1.097% in the best case, indicating a potential increase of 0.275% in the overall efficiency of the amplifier system. These results show that the low thermoelectric efficiency of TEGs is a limiting factor that prevents a breakthrough in improving the efficiency of the power amplifier system with the proposed non-circuit-based approach.

Amplifiers are among the most commonly used circuits in electronics, performing a variety of functions in a wide range of electronic systems. Depending on the application and design, each amplifier generates waste heat. For power amplifiers that operate at low efficiency and high output power, the amount of wasted energy can be significant. This paper presents an energy harvesting system based on the application of thermoelectric generators on the output transistors of the AB-Class power amplifier. The converted electrical energy can be used in several ways, feeding the energy back into the power supply (increasing the “efficiency”) or powering surrounding sensors and sub-circuits. In this work, a comparative analysis of the successfully converted energy obtained from different generator models in various thermal configurations was carried out. All measurements are performed on an experimentally established setup. Due to the low thermoelectric efficiency of the generators as well as the realized low temperature gradient, only 0.84% of the waste heat can be converted into electrical energy in the best case scenario. Finally, a new thermal push–pull concept was presented, the main purpose of which is to generate additional energy and protect semiconductor components from overheating.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the solar cell, covering its equivalent circuit, operating principles, and the effects of temperature and irradiance changes on its current-voltage characteristic. Additionally, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques used to determine the maximum current and voltage product under various irradiances are described, and the efficiency of different MPPT techniques is compared to demonstrate the operation of a solar cell. The study also investigates the impact of shading on solar modules by calculating the power loss on two parallel-connected solar panels with different orientations under the same irradiation conditions. The results demonstrate that the Incremental Conductance (IC) algorithm has the best efficiency, followed by Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Hill Climbing (HC) algorithms, under different irradiation conditions. Furthermore, the power loss of the two solar modules with different orientations is significantly affected by the difference in irradiance received by each module. The novelty of this research lies in the comparison of different MPPT techniques under different irradiation conditions and the demonstration of the impact of shading on solar modules with different orientations. This study provides valuable insights for designing and optimizing solar energy systems in real-world conditions, and offers a unique perspective on a well-researched area.

EMC stands for "electromagnetic compatibility," and it refers to the ability of electronic devices and systems to function properly in their electromagnetic environment without causing interference to other devices or systems. EMI stands for "electromagnetic interference", and it refers to the unwanted electromagnetic energy that can interfere with the normal operation of electronic devices and systems. Both EMC and EMI are important considerations in the design and operation of electronic devices and systems, as well as in the management of the electromagnetic environment. This is particularly true in the fields of telecommunications, aerospace, automotive, where electronic systems are often required to function in challenging electromagnetic environments. The concept of EMC has become increasingly important as electronic systems have become more prevalent and more integrated into all aspects of our daily lives. As a result, many national and international standards have been developed to help ensure that electronic systems meet minimum requirements for EMC and do not cause harmful interference. The goal of this paper is to find a way of improving conducted EMC regarding the CISPR 16 standard of a specific charger using different filters and to see how the spectrum behaves regarding the real-life counterpart of a car charger.This paper is organized in a way where firstly the problems of EMC are addressed, after which the experiment of the paper is explained, and in the end the results are shown and analyzed.

Procedures for determining the series resistance value of a photovoltaic module, are explained theoretically and mathematically. Applying a simulation of the mathematical model of a solar cell with two diodes in the Simulink program package, the U-I characteristics were confirmed to be in line with realistic work performance. Besides of external effects, the effect of PID on the parameters of the photovoltaic module is shown by simulation, which, in the end, effect on the normalized series resistance. Based on the effect of degradation, the conclusion is made that how the series resistance affects the parameters of the photovoltaic module, that is, whether the series resistance can be considered as a parameter of the quality of the photovoltaic module.