Carbonate minerals are largely associated with many geological and biological environments as well as several industrial and technological processes. The crystalline characteristics of these mineral phases can be modified by background salts present in the solution due to the effect of different electrolytes on the dynamics of ion-water interactions and ionic strength during precipitation. In the current research, we studied the effect of the presence of several electrolytes (i.e., Cs, Li, and Sr), combined with chloride and carbonate as transporting anions, on the growth and mineral evolution processes of carbonate precipitation in solution. The electrolyte composition during the reaction (experimental times from 24 h up to 30 days) determined the formation of specific calcium carbonate polymorphs. The Li presence induced the formation of vaterite which was progressively transformed into calcite during the reaction time, while Cs stabilized the calcite formation. The Sr presence in the system caused the precipitation of strontianite with modifications in its cell parameters and the structural arrangement of the carbonate molecular group. During the mineral evolution considering chloride and carbonate experimental set-ups, several compositional and cell parameters/crystallinity variations of the carbonated phases were also observed. A better understanding of the relationship between the compositional properties of the aqueous solvent and the crystallization mechanisms can contribute to a deeper comprehension of the mineral precipitation and transformation in different multicomponent solutions that occur in natural environments and in controlled synthesis processes.