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Acoustic technology provides information difficult to obtain about stored insect behavior, physiology, abundance, and distribution. For example, acoustic detection of immature insects feeding hidden within grain is helpful for accurate monitoring because they can be more abundant than adults and be present in samples without adults. Modern engineering and acoustics have been incorporated into decision support systems for stored product insect management, but with somewhat limited use due to device costs and the skills needed to interpret the data collected. However, inexpensive modern tools may facilitate further incorporation of acoustic technology into the mainstream of pest management and precision agriculture. One such system was tested herein to describe Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adult and larval movement and feeding in stored grain. Development of improved methods to identify sounds of targeted pest insects, distinguishing them from each other and from background noise, is an active area of current research. The most powerful of the new methods may be machine learning. The methods have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the types of background noise and the signal characteristic of target insect sounds. It is likely that they will facilitate automation of detection and decrease costs of managing stored product insects in the future.
Richard Mankin; David Hagstrum; Min Guo; Panagiotis Eliopoulos; Anastasia Njoroge. Automated Applications of Acoustics for Stored Product Insect Detection, Monitoring, and Management. Insects 2021, 12, 259 .
AMA StyleRichard Mankin, David Hagstrum, Min Guo, Panagiotis Eliopoulos, Anastasia Njoroge. Automated Applications of Acoustics for Stored Product Insect Detection, Monitoring, and Management. Insects. 2021; 12 (3):259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Mankin; David Hagstrum; Min Guo; Panagiotis Eliopoulos; Anastasia Njoroge. 2021. "Automated Applications of Acoustics for Stored Product Insect Detection, Monitoring, and Management." Insects 12, no. 3: 259.
The residual efficacy of novaluron on concrete, metal and wood was evaluated against last-instar larvae of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst), and Trogoderma granarium Everts. The larvae and food provided for survival were exposed to surfaces pretreated at rates of 0.053, to 0.209 mg/m2 and bioassays were conducted from 0- to 16-weeks post-treatment. Percentage emergence of adults was recorded after 30 days (d). On all surfaces at week 0, no O. surinamensis or T.castaneum adults emerged, and ≤3.3% emergence of T. granarium was found at 0.209 mg/m2. Novaluron significantly reduced the percentage emergence of adults of the three species compared to a distilled water control for the first 12 weeks on all the tested surfaces as the residual efficacy declined at a low rate during initial weeks and then at a high rate in the final weeks of the 16-week study. Reductions to emergence were most persistent on metal surfaces, with mean percentages of adult emergence of ≤18.3 in week 12, followed by concrete (≤32.5) and wood (≤45.0) for all species at novaluron application rates of 0.209 mg/m2. For >4-weeks protection, higher application rates would be needed to avoid buildup of pest populations and reductions in profitability. Such results can be helpful for the management of O. surinamensis, T.castaneum, and T. granarium as the costs of commonly used insecticides against postharvest insect pests and the resistance of these insects to the pesticides gradually increase in mills, warehouses, and food storage facilities.
Muhammad Yasir; Richard W. Mankin; Mansoor Ul Hasan; Muhammad Sagheer. Residual Efficacy of Novaluron Applied on Concrete, Metal, and Wood for the Control of Stored Product Coleopteran Pests. Insects 2020, 12, 7 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Yasir, Richard W. Mankin, Mansoor Ul Hasan, Muhammad Sagheer. Residual Efficacy of Novaluron Applied on Concrete, Metal, and Wood for the Control of Stored Product Coleopteran Pests. Insects. 2020; 12 (1):7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Yasir; Richard W. Mankin; Mansoor Ul Hasan; Muhammad Sagheer. 2020. "Residual Efficacy of Novaluron Applied on Concrete, Metal, and Wood for the Control of Stored Product Coleopteran Pests." Insects 12, no. 1: 7.
Reduction of postharvest losses is gaining increased priority in warm regions where insect infestation may cause rapid deterioration of staple commodities. Acoustic detection can be used to assess the likelihood of insect infestations in bags of grain, flour, and other commodities that are stored in small holdings in developing countries, enabling rapid targeting of treatments. A portable postharvest insect detection system was developed with the goal to provide low-cost capability to acoustically assess infestations in small-scale storage facilities. Electret microphones input pest insect sounds to a 32-bit microcontroller platform that digitized and stored the signals on a digital memory card transferable to a portable laptop computer. The insect sounds then were analyzed by custom-written software that matched their spectra to those of known pests. Infestations of Sitophilus oryzae (L) in 2.6-kg bags could be detected down to densities of 1.9 adults/kg in grain and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) down to 3.8 adults/kg in flour in laboratory settings. Also, differences in the rates of sounds per insect in treatments with different numbers ranging from 5 to 50 insects suggested that the sound rates of adults of different species at different population densities may be noticeably affected by aggregation pheromones or other behaviorally active semiochemicals. Further testing is needed but previous experience with acoustic detection systems suggests that the prototype has potential for use in small storage facilities where early detection of infestations is difficult to provide.
R W Mankin; E Jetter; B Rohde; M Yasir. Performance of a Low-Cost Acoustic Insect Detector System with Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Grain and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Flour. Journal of Economic Entomology 2020, 113, 3004 -3010.
AMA StyleR W Mankin, E Jetter, B Rohde, M Yasir. Performance of a Low-Cost Acoustic Insect Detector System with Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Grain and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Flour. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2020; 113 (6):3004-3010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR W Mankin; E Jetter; B Rohde; M Yasir. 2020. "Performance of a Low-Cost Acoustic Insect Detector System with Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Grain and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Flour." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6: 3004-3010.
Adult Diaphorina citri (ACP) use visual and chemical cues to locate young citrus flush shoots on which they forage and oviposit, and they use vibrational communication duetting calls as cues to help locate mates. For individual pairs, calling and mating usually peaks between 10:00 and 15:00. To explore whether call rates (calls/h) are affected by interactions with nearby conspecifics, rates were compared in small citrus trees on which either 5 or 25 ACP female and male pairs had been released at 17:00 for later recording from sunrise (06:00) to 22:00. Final ACP locations were noted 40 h after release. Call rates were similar in both treatments during normal mating hours. However, rates were significantly higher for low- than high-density treatments between 06:00 and 10:00, which suggests calling during this period may be affected by conspecific density. Both sexes aggregated on flush at both densities. We discuss the potential that ACP producing calls near sunrise, outside of normal mating hours, might benefit from gains in reproductive fitness in low-density contexts if they call not only to locate mates but also to locate preferred flush—in which case, co-opting of vibrations to disrupt both mating and foraging may be feasible.
Richard W. Mankin; Rikin Patel; Mason Grugnale; Ethan Jetter. Effects of Diaphorina citri Population Density on Daily Timing of Vibrational Communication Calls: Potential Benefits in Finding Forage. Insects 2020, 11, 182 .
AMA StyleRichard W. Mankin, Rikin Patel, Mason Grugnale, Ethan Jetter. Effects of Diaphorina citri Population Density on Daily Timing of Vibrational Communication Calls: Potential Benefits in Finding Forage. Insects. 2020; 11 (3):182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard W. Mankin; Rikin Patel; Mason Grugnale; Ethan Jetter. 2020. "Effects of Diaphorina citri Population Density on Daily Timing of Vibrational Communication Calls: Potential Benefits in Finding Forage." Insects 11, no. 3: 182.
Microcontroller-platform devices have been constructed that detect Diaphorina citri male vibrational communication calls and broadcast mimics of female vibrational replies. The devices successfully interfere with mating of virgin pairs of Diaphorina citri in 1-h tests on citrus trees, reducing the mating percentage significantly from 57% in the control to 13% in disruption tests. Video and audio monitoring of searching behaviors in laboratory bioassays indicate that males are attracted to the source of the female reply mimics. The percentage of mating may be reduced by the following: (1) interference of a louder and earlier reply mimic more attractive to the male than the female reply; (2) masking of the female reply by the louder mimic; or (3) reduction of female responsiveness in the presence of other female replies, or combinations thereof. In male D. citri trapping bioassays, the device has successfully trapped 45% of males stimulated to initiate search behavior in 1-h tests on citrus trees. Positive and negative effects of social, flush-seeking, and phototactic behaviors of males and females are discussed that may affect the utility of these devices in field applications. In addition, potential applications are discussed for low-cost, modified microcontroller-platform devices that discriminate insect-produced feeding and movement vibrations from background noise in field studies.
R. W. Mankin. Vibrational Trapping and Interference with Mating of Diaphorina citri. Sound Communication in Fishes 2019, 399 -413.
AMA StyleR. W. Mankin. Vibrational Trapping and Interference with Mating of Diaphorina citri. Sound Communication in Fishes. 2019; ():399-413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. W. Mankin. 2019. "Vibrational Trapping and Interference with Mating of Diaphorina citri." Sound Communication in Fishes , no. : 399-413.
Sterile male rear-and-release programmes are of growing interest for controlling Aedes aegypti, including use an “incompatible insect technique” (IIT) to suppress transmission of dengue, Zika, and other viruses. Under IIT, males infected with Wolbachia are released into the suppression area to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in uninfected populations. These and similar mosquito-release programmes require cost-effective field surveys of both sexes to optimize the locations, timing, and quantity of releases. Unfortunately, traps that sample male Ae. aegypti effectively are expensive and usually require mains power. Recently, an electronic lure was developed that attracts males using a 484 Hz sinusoidal tone mimicking the female wingbeat frequencies, broadcast in a 120 s on/off cycle. When deployed in commercially available gravid Aedes traps (GATs), the new combination, sound-GAT (SGAT), captures both males and females effectively. Given its success, there is interest in optimizing SGAT to reduce cost and power usage while maximizing catch rates. Options considered in this study included use of a smaller, lower-power microcontroller (Tiny) with either the original or a lower-cost speaker (lcS). A 30 s on/off cycle was tested in addition to the original 120 s cycle to minimize the potential that the longer cycle induced habituation. The original SGAT was compared against other traps incorporating the Tiny-based lures for mosquito capture in a large semi-field cage. The catch rates in waterproofed versions of this trap were then compared with catch rates in standard [BG-Sentinel 2 (BGS 2); Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany] traps during an IIT field study in the Innisfail region of Queensland, Australia in 2017. The system with a low-power microcontroller and low-cost speaker playing a 30 s tone (Tiny-lcS-30s) caught the highest proportion of males. The mean proportions of males caught in a semi-field cage were not significantly different among the original design and the four low-power, low-cost versions of the SGAT. During the IIT field study, the waterproofed version of the highest-rated, Tiny-lcS-30s SGAT captured male Ae. aegypti at similar rates as co-located BGS-2 traps. Power- and cost-optimized, waterproofed versions of male Ae. aegypti acoustic lures in GATs are now available for field use in areas with sterile male mosquito rear-and-release programmes.
Barukh B. Rohde; Kyran M. Staunton; Nicholas C. Zeak; Nigel Beebe; Nigel Snoad; Artiom Bondarenco; Catherine Liddington; Jason A. Anderson; Wei Xiang; Richard W. Mankin; Scott A. Ritchie. Waterproof, low-cost, long-battery-life sound trap for surveillance of male Aedes aegypti for rear-and-release mosquito control programmes. Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12, 1 -7.
AMA StyleBarukh B. Rohde, Kyran M. Staunton, Nicholas C. Zeak, Nigel Beebe, Nigel Snoad, Artiom Bondarenco, Catherine Liddington, Jason A. Anderson, Wei Xiang, Richard W. Mankin, Scott A. Ritchie. Waterproof, low-cost, long-battery-life sound trap for surveillance of male Aedes aegypti for rear-and-release mosquito control programmes. Parasites & Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarukh B. Rohde; Kyran M. Staunton; Nicholas C. Zeak; Nigel Beebe; Nigel Snoad; Artiom Bondarenco; Catherine Liddington; Jason A. Anderson; Wei Xiang; Richard W. Mankin; Scott A. Ritchie. 2019. "Waterproof, low-cost, long-battery-life sound trap for surveillance of male Aedes aegypti for rear-and-release mosquito control programmes." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1: 1-7.
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is an economically important, internally feeding pest of ornamental and fruit-producing palms in many subtropical regions. A related weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), is an internally feeding palm pest in the southeastern USA. Acoustic methods for detection of early instars hidden in palms in field environments have been investigated for both species. Acoustic methods also have been used to examine the effectiveness of physical, biological, and other control treatments. This report addresses several physical, physiological, and behavioral factors that influence the spectral and temporal patterns of sounds produced by palm weevil larvae under different laboratory and field experiment conditions, which must be considered carefully in interpreting larval sound production. Such factors include the leakage of fluid from the palm tree tissues into tunnels scraped out by larvae as they move and feed within the tree trunk, as well as occurrences of molting between periods of feeding activity, and frequency-dependent damping that distorts signals as the distance between insects and sensors increases. Methods are discussed that combine effects of environmental, physiological, and behavioral variability to facilitate reliable interpretations of Rhynchophorus and other insect larval acoustic activity in hidden environments.
Johari Jalinas; Berenice Güerri-Agulló; Omotola G. Dosunmu; Muhammad Haseeb; Luis V. Lopez-Llorca; Richard W. Mankin. Acoustic Signal Applications in Detection and Management of Rhynchophorus spp. in Fruit-Crops and Ornamental Palms. Florida Entomologist 2019, 102, 475 -479.
AMA StyleJohari Jalinas, Berenice Güerri-Agulló, Omotola G. Dosunmu, Muhammad Haseeb, Luis V. Lopez-Llorca, Richard W. Mankin. Acoustic Signal Applications in Detection and Management of Rhynchophorus spp. in Fruit-Crops and Ornamental Palms. Florida Entomologist. 2019; 102 (3):475-479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohari Jalinas; Berenice Güerri-Agulló; Omotola G. Dosunmu; Muhammad Haseeb; Luis V. Lopez-Llorca; Richard W. Mankin. 2019. "Acoustic Signal Applications in Detection and Management of Rhynchophorus spp. in Fruit-Crops and Ornamental Palms." Florida Entomologist 102, no. 3: 475-479.
There is an extensive history of mole cricket integrated pest management (IPM) research in Florida, USA (Kerr et al. 2014; Mhina et al. 2016), much of which has incorporated acoustic trapping as a monitoring tool. The acoustic trap design described in this report provides a method for surveying 2 Neoscapteriscus mole cricket species relatively autonomously at low cost, which can facilitate future efforts to study the biology, ecology, and distribution of invasive mole crickets (e.g., Walker 1988). In a broader context, however, there remains considerable need to reduce the costs and simplify the technology of these and other traps based on inexpensive microcontroller platforms, not only for Neoscapteriscus species, but also for other pests that mate based on either acoustic or vibrational communication (Mankin 2012).
Barukh B. Rohde; Pablo E. Allen; Nicole Benda; Abe Brun; Richard W. Mankin; Adam G. Dale. An Acoustic Trap to Survey and Capture Two Neoscapteriscus Species. Florida Entomologist 2019, 102, 654 -657.
AMA StyleBarukh B. Rohde, Pablo E. Allen, Nicole Benda, Abe Brun, Richard W. Mankin, Adam G. Dale. An Acoustic Trap to Survey and Capture Two Neoscapteriscus Species. Florida Entomologist. 2019; 102 (3):654-657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarukh B. Rohde; Pablo E. Allen; Nicole Benda; Abe Brun; Richard W. Mankin; Adam G. Dale. 2019. "An Acoustic Trap to Survey and Capture Two Neoscapteriscus Species." Florida Entomologist 102, no. 3: 654-657.
Grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis, is a root-feeding pest of grapevines in the US southeast that causes underground damage well before vines show visible symptoms. A 269-d study was conducted at 31 sites in a Florida vineyard to record short bursts of insect movement and feeding vibrations in grapevine root systems and provide information that can improve timing and targeting of GRB management efforts. Characteristic spectral and temporal patterns in the subterranean vibrations facilitated discrimination of GRB from background noise and non-targeted arthropods. Infestation likelihood of GRB at each site was estimated from previous studies relating infestation to burst rate. In all, 39% of recordings indicated low infestation likelihood. Sites with medium or high infestation likelihood were confined to a small region of the vineyard where a vine with larval feeding damage was confirmed. The restricted area suggests that the biological control or chemical treatments could be reduced elsewhere. Acoustic activity was significantly greater in fall and winter than in spring, and greater in evening than afternoon; fall evenings seemed best for GRB acoustic surveys. The GRB seasonal and circadian acoustic variation reflected phenological variation in grape root growth and nutrients and was not significantly correlated with temperature.
Edidiong I. Inyang; Raymond L. Hix; Violeta Tsolova; Barukh B. Rohde; Omotola Dosunmu; Richard W. Mankin. Subterranean Acoustic Activity Patterns of Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Relation to Abiotic and Biotic Factors. Insects 2019, 10, 267 .
AMA StyleEdidiong I. Inyang, Raymond L. Hix, Violeta Tsolova, Barukh B. Rohde, Omotola Dosunmu, Richard W. Mankin. Subterranean Acoustic Activity Patterns of Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Relation to Abiotic and Biotic Factors. Insects. 2019; 10 (9):267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdidiong I. Inyang; Raymond L. Hix; Violeta Tsolova; Barukh B. Rohde; Omotola Dosunmu; Richard W. Mankin. 2019. "Subterranean Acoustic Activity Patterns of Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Relation to Abiotic and Biotic Factors." Insects 10, no. 9: 267.
Wheat kernel damage is a major source of food quality degradation, and long-term feeding on products from damaged wheat kernels will result in malnutrition or even induce diseases. Therefore, detection of damaged wheat kernels is of significant interest. An impact acoustic signal processing technique based on Gaussian modelling and an improved extreme learning machine approach was proposed for detection of insect and sprout-damaged wheat kernels. Discriminant features extracted from Gaussian-model-estimated parameters were fed to an extreme learning machine based on a C-matrix embedded optimisation approximation solution. The best results, 92.0% of undamaged, 96.0% of insect-damaged, and 95.0% of sprout-damaged wheat kernels were correctly classified by using the proposed method. Furthermore, the detection system had good processing speed. Therefore, it could be effective to detect damaged wheat kernels in real time.
Min Guo; Yuting Ma; Xiaojing Yang; Richard Mankin. Detection of damaged wheat kernels using an impact acoustic signal processing technique based on Gaussian modelling and an improved extreme learning machine algorithm. Biosystems Engineering 2019, 184, 37 -44.
AMA StyleMin Guo, Yuting Ma, Xiaojing Yang, Richard Mankin. Detection of damaged wheat kernels using an impact acoustic signal processing technique based on Gaussian modelling and an improved extreme learning machine algorithm. Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 184 ():37-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Guo; Yuting Ma; Xiaojing Yang; Richard Mankin. 2019. "Detection of damaged wheat kernels using an impact acoustic signal processing technique based on Gaussian modelling and an improved extreme learning machine algorithm." Biosystems Engineering 184, no. : 37-44.
Image prior and sparse coding learning methods have important uses in image denoising. Many denoising methods learn priors either from the noisy image itself or an external clean image dataset. But using only these as priors does not always reconstruct the image effectively. In addition, when the image is corrupted by noise, the local sparse coding coefficient obtained from a noisy image patch is inaccurate, restricting denoising performance. We present a noise removal framework based on external prior learning and an internal mean sparse coding method, making use of the innate sparsity and nonlocal self-similarity (NSS) of natural images. Specifically, we first obtain external priors from a clean natural image dataset by Gaussian mixture model. The external priors are applied to guide the subspace clustering of internal noisy image patches, and a compact dictionary is generated for each internal noisy patch cluster. Then an internal mean sparse coding strategy based on NSS is introduced into the sparse representation model, whose regularization parameters then are deduced through a Bayesian framework. An iterative shrinkage method is employed to solve the l1-optimization problem in the sparse representation model. Application of the noise removal model to 16 test images demonstrates denoising performance exceeding other competing methods.
Qiongshuai Lyu; Min Guo; Miao Ma; Richard Mankin. External prior learning and internal mean sparse coding for image denoising. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2019, 28, 033014 .
AMA StyleQiongshuai Lyu, Min Guo, Miao Ma, Richard Mankin. External prior learning and internal mean sparse coding for image denoising. Journal of Electronic Imaging. 2019; 28 (3):033014.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiongshuai Lyu; Min Guo; Miao Ma; Richard Mankin. 2019. "External prior learning and internal mean sparse coding for image denoising." Journal of Electronic Imaging 28, no. 3: 033014.
Modified atmospheres such as hermetic storage are widely used for the control of stored grain insect pests. To improve their effectiveness, there is need to better understand insect responses to low-oxygen environments. Adult Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) on cowpea and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat were exposed to hypoxia treatments consisting of 1, 3, and 5% oxygen levels for 14 d. Acoustic activity was monitored during the experiment, and insect mortality and grain quality were examined immediately after the hypoxia treatments. Adult emergence was assessed 45 d post-treatment. All three hypoxia treatments eliminated acoustic activity of both species within 4 d. There was neither insect survival for both species nor significant grain damage immediately after 14-d exposure to hypoxia treatments. No adult insects emerged 45 d post-exposure on grains maintained at 1% oxygen level for 14 d. However, at 3 and 5% oxygen levels, there were eggs on cowpea, holes in wheat, and emerging adults for both insect species 45 d post-exposure. Although insect activity ceased within 4 d when hypoxia was maintained below 5%, there is need to explore exposure beyond 14 d for 3 and 5% oxygen levels, to ensure to avoid potential adult emergence from eggs and other insect life stages post-treatments. Maintaining 3-5% hypoxia conditions for a longer duration would ensure insufficient oxygen is available for progeny development.
Anastasia W Njoroge; Richard W Mankin; Bradley Smith; Dieudonne Baributsa. Effects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality. Journal of Economic Entomology 2019, 112, 1989 -1996.
AMA StyleAnastasia W Njoroge, Richard W Mankin, Bradley Smith, Dieudonne Baributsa. Effects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2019; 112 (4):1989-1996.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia W Njoroge; Richard W Mankin; Bradley Smith; Dieudonne Baributsa. 2019. "Effects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4: 1989-1996.
Grain production is an important component of food security in Kenya but due to environmental conditions that favor rapid growth of insect populations, farmers and other agricultural stakeholders face ongoing and novel challenges from crop and stored product pest insects. To assist development of methods to reduce economic losses from stored product insect pests in Kenya, acoustic, visual, and pitfall trap surveys were conducted in five grain storage warehouses. Two commercially available acoustic systems successfully detected the pests of greatest economic importance, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). Other insects of lesser economic importance also were observed in the visual surveys, including Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). This study demonstrated that the use of acoustic technology with visual surveys and pitfall traps can help managers to identify and target infestations within their warehouses, enabling them to reduce postharvest losses. With most warehouses being located in relatively noisy urban or peri-urban areas, background noise considerations are being incorporated into the design of future acoustic detectors for stored pest infestations. Kenya must import grain yearly to meet consumption needs; however, if the current yearly postharvest losses of 20–30% in warehouses decreased, import costs could be reduced considerably.
Anastasia Njoroge; Hippolyte Affognon; Uwe Richter; Oliver Hensel; Barukh Rohde; Davie Chen; Richard Mankin. Acoustic, Pitfall Trap, and Visual Surveys of Stored Product Insect Pests in Kenyan Warehouses. Insects 2019, 10, 105 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Njoroge, Hippolyte Affognon, Uwe Richter, Oliver Hensel, Barukh Rohde, Davie Chen, Richard Mankin. Acoustic, Pitfall Trap, and Visual Surveys of Stored Product Insect Pests in Kenyan Warehouses. Insects. 2019; 10 (4):105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Njoroge; Hippolyte Affognon; Uwe Richter; Oliver Hensel; Barukh Rohde; Davie Chen; Richard Mankin. 2019. "Acoustic, Pitfall Trap, and Visual Surveys of Stored Product Insect Pests in Kenyan Warehouses." Insects 10, no. 4: 105.
An impact acoustic signal device was tested with undamaged, insect-damaged, and mildew-damaged corn kernels, and the different signals were compared using ensemble empirical mode decomposition methods. These methods were adopted based on their known superiority in processing of non-stationary signals and in suppressing of mode mixing. Time domain, frequency domain, and Hilbert domain features were extracted from an ensemble empirical mode decomposition of the impact acoustic signals. Four features were extracted from the time domain: the average amplitude change, Wilson amplitude, average absolute value, and peak-to-peak value. Three features were extracted from the frequency domain: the mean square frequency, the root mean square of the power spectrum, and the frequency band variance. The energy of the high-frequency and low-frequency bands and the average values of the envelopes were extracted from the Hilbert domain. Subsequently, these features were used as inputs to a support vector machine which was optimized by particle swarm optimization. The use of hybrid features enabled higher classification accuracy than usage of features in each domain separately. In this study, achieving the classification accuracies were 99.2% for undamaged kernels, 99.6% for insect-damaged kernels and 99.3% for mildew-damaged kernels. These results, based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition and integration of multi-domain features, are encouraging for the potential of an automated inspection system.
Xuehua Sun; Min Guo; Miao Ma; Richard Mankin. Identification and classification of damaged corn kernels with impact acoustics multi-domain patterns. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2018, 150, 152 -161.
AMA StyleXuehua Sun, Min Guo, Miao Ma, Richard Mankin. Identification and classification of damaged corn kernels with impact acoustics multi-domain patterns. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2018; 150 ():152-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuehua Sun; Min Guo; Miao Ma; Richard Mankin. 2018. "Identification and classification of damaged corn kernels with impact acoustics multi-domain patterns." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 150, no. : 152-161.
R. W. Mankin; H. Burman; O. Menocal; D. Carrillo. Acoustic Detection ofMallodon dasystomus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) inPersea americana(Laurales: Lauraceae) Branch Stumps. Florida Entomologist 2018, 101, 321 -323.
AMA StyleR. W. Mankin, H. Burman, O. Menocal, D. Carrillo. Acoustic Detection ofMallodon dasystomus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) inPersea americana(Laurales: Lauraceae) Branch Stumps. Florida Entomologist. 2018; 101 (2):321-323.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. W. Mankin; H. Burman; O. Menocal; D. Carrillo. 2018. "Acoustic Detection ofMallodon dasystomus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) inPersea americana(Laurales: Lauraceae) Branch Stumps." Florida Entomologist 101, no. 2: 321-323.
Acoustic monitoring was applied to consider hermetic exposure durations and oxygen levels required to stop adult Callosobruchus maculatus activity and economic damage on cowpea. A 15-d study was conducted with six treatments of 25, 50, and 100 C. maculatus adults in 500 and 1000 mL jars using acoustic probes inserted through stoppers sealing the jars. Acoustic activity as a result of locomotion, mating, and egg-laying was measured by identifying sound impulses with frequency spectra representative of known insect sounds, and counting trains (bursts) of impulses separated by intervals of <200 ms, that typically are produced only by insects. By the end of the first week of storage in all treatments, oxygen levels declined to levels below 4%, which has been demonstrated to cause mortality in previous studies. Concomitantly, insect sound burst rates dropped below an acoustic detection threshold of 0.02 bursts s−1, indicating that the insects had ceased feeding. Statistically significant relationships were obtained between two different measures of the acoustic activity and the residual oxygen level. Based on the experimental results, a simple equation can be used to estimate the time needed for oxygen to decline to levels that limit insect feeding damage and thus grain losses in hermetic storage containers of different insect population levels and various volumes.
Anastasia W. Njoroge; Richard W. Mankin; Bradley W. Smith; Dieudonne Baributsa. Oxygen Consumption and Acoustic Activity of Adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) during Hermetic Storage. Insects 2018, 9, 45 .
AMA StyleAnastasia W. Njoroge, Richard W. Mankin, Bradley W. Smith, Dieudonne Baributsa. Oxygen Consumption and Acoustic Activity of Adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) during Hermetic Storage. Insects. 2018; 9 (2):45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia W. Njoroge; Richard W. Mankin; Bradley W. Smith; Dieudonne Baributsa. 2018. "Oxygen Consumption and Acoustic Activity of Adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) during Hermetic Storage." Insects 9, no. 2: 45.
Insects use plants for food and shelter, and many species also have taken advantage of plant acoustical and structural characteristics to communicate for mating and social interaction over extended distances without expending significant energy. Humans have taken advantage of plant acoustical and structural characteristics to detect hidden insect infestations passively by monitoring their feeding and movement activities. This presentation reviews the characteristics of sound transmission as well as the characteristics of insect movement and feeding sounds in plant structures and products. Although insect sounds can be masked by loud background noise, different species produce sounds with particular spectral and temporal patterns that help distinguish them from background signals and from each other. Several practical applications of insect bioacoustics are discussed, including disruption of insect mating, targeting of tree pests, and monitoring of the time course of different pest management treatments.
Richard Mankin. Insect sound production and transmission in plant materials of different compositions and structures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2018, 143, 1795 -1795.
AMA StyleRichard Mankin. Insect sound production and transmission in plant materials of different compositions and structures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2018; 143 (3):1795-1795.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Mankin. 2018. "Insect sound production and transmission in plant materials of different compositions and structures." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3: 1795-1795.
Richard Mankin; Daniel Stanaland; Muhammad Haseeb; Barukh Rohde; Octavio Menocal; Daniel Carrillo. Assessment of plant structural characteristics, health, and ecology using bioacoustic tools. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleRichard Mankin, Daniel Stanaland, Muhammad Haseeb, Barukh Rohde, Octavio Menocal, Daniel Carrillo. Assessment of plant structural characteristics, health, and ecology using bioacoustic tools. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Mankin; Daniel Stanaland; Muhammad Haseeb; Barukh Rohde; Octavio Menocal; Daniel Carrillo. 2018. "Assessment of plant structural characteristics, health, and ecology using bioacoustic tools." , no. : 1.
Resumen El sílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) es un vector de la bacteria causante de la enfermedad del enverdecimiento de los cítricos, que ha devastado la producción de cítricos en todo el mundo dondequiera que este ha sido introducido. Para ayudar a monitorear y enfocarse a las poblaciones de D. citri en los bosques comerciales, facilitando así un manejo más efectivo de la enfermedad del enverdecimiento de los cítricos, se ha desarrollado un aparato prototipo que imita las señales vibracionales de comunicación de las hembras de D. citri, que atraen a machos a las trampas. Para este informe, se evaluaron los efectos del aparato sobre el comportamiento de búsqueda de los machos de D. citri para considerar posibles mejoras en las aplicaciones de campo. El 45% de los machos que buscaban hacia la señal que imitaba la hembra llegaron a la fuente. Además, el promedio de la latencia antes de la iniciación de la llamada y las respuestas de búsqueda por los machos que llegaron a la fuente fueron significativamente más bajos que para los que se fallaron, lo que sugiere que la eficiencia de captura está fuertemente influenciada por la variabilidad en la capacidad de respuesta de los machos a buscar señales. En consecuencia, es probable que la eficacia de captura de trampas de vibración podría aumentar aún más si se modificaron para hacer uso de señales adicionales fuertemente atractivas para los machos, tales como señales olfativas y visuales de los brotes de nuevas hojas en cítricos.
E. Hartman; B. Rohde; S. Lujo; M. Dixon; S. McNeill; R. W. Mankin. Behavioral Responses of MaleDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Mating Communication Signals from Vibration Traps in Citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) Trees. Florida Entomologist 2017, 100, 767 -771.
AMA StyleE. Hartman, B. Rohde, S. Lujo, M. Dixon, S. McNeill, R. W. Mankin. Behavioral Responses of MaleDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Mating Communication Signals from Vibration Traps in Citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) Trees. Florida Entomologist. 2017; 100 (4):767-771.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Hartman; B. Rohde; S. Lujo; M. Dixon; S. McNeill; R. W. Mankin. 2017. "Behavioral Responses of MaleDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Mating Communication Signals from Vibration Traps in Citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) Trees." Florida Entomologist 100, no. 4: 767-771.
Hermetic storage is of interest to farmers and warehouse managers as a method to control insect pests in small storage facilities. To develop improved understanding of effects of hermetic storage on insect pest activity and mortality over time, oxygen levels, acoustic signals, and observations of visual movement were recorded from replicates of 25, 50, and 100 adult Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) hermetically sealed in 500- and 1,000-ml glass jars. Recordings were done for 28 d; twice daily for the first 6 d and twice weekly thereafter. Insect sounds were analyzed as short bursts (trains) of impulses with spectra that matched average spectra (profiles) of previously verified insect sound impulses. Oxygen consumption was highest in treatments of 100 insects/500-ml jar and lowest in 25/1000-ml jars. The rates of bursts per insect, number of impulses per burst, and rates of burst impulses per insect decreased as the residual oxygen levels decreased in each treatment. Activity rates <0.02 bursts s-1, the acoustic detection threshold, typically occurred as oxygen fell below 5%. Mortality was observed at 2% levels. The time to obtain these levels of insect activity and oxygen depletion ranged from 3-14 d depending on initial infestation levels. Acoustic detection made it possible to estimate the duration required for reduction of insect activity to levels resulting in negligible damage to the stored product under hermetic conditions. Such information is of value to farmers and warehouse managers attempting to reduce pest damage in stored crops.
A W Njoroge; R W Mankin; B W Smith; D Baributsa. Effects of Hermetic Storage on Adult Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Acoustic Activity Patterns and Mortality. Journal of Economic Entomology 2017, 110, 2707 -2715.
AMA StyleA W Njoroge, R W Mankin, B W Smith, D Baributsa. Effects of Hermetic Storage on Adult Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Acoustic Activity Patterns and Mortality. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017; 110 (6):2707-2715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA W Njoroge; R W Mankin; B W Smith; D Baributsa. 2017. "Effects of Hermetic Storage on Adult Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Acoustic Activity Patterns and Mortality." Journal of Economic Entomology 110, no. 6: 2707-2715.