Although sickle cell anemia (SCA) is related to inflammation, the profile of inflammatory markers in sickle cell trait (SCT) is poorly studied. This is a cross‐sectional study of inflammatory biomarkers carried out involving adults with SCA in steady state, SCT and controls. The SCA group had higher levels of lactato dehydrogenase, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha than the others, while the SCT group had similar levels to control group. In addition, SCA group had lower IL‐8/IL‐10 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐1/IL‐10 ratios. These findings indicate that individuals with SCT do not have a chronic inflammatory profile and reinforce that cytokines are involved in the maintenance of the inflammatory state in SCA.

Objective: The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the relationship between the oral cancer mortality rate and socioeconomic indicators throughout the Brazilian territory, between 2010 and 2019. Method: The variables used in this study were oral cancer mortality rates from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) to calculate oral cancer mortality rates, along with the Human Development Index (HDI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The analysis was performed in tertile stratifications (Microsoft Excel 16.0), while temporal trends were examined by segmented linear regression (JoinPoint 4.9.0). Results: High mortality rates were observed in more developed regions (South and Southeast), whereas temporal analysis showed significant increasing trends in the North (annual percentage changes [APC] = +3.9%; p < 0.05) and Northeast (APC = +2.4%; p < 0.05) regions. The greater HDI (APC = +1.7%; p < 0.05) and SVI (APC = +2.2%; p < 0.05) tertiles had the lowest annual percentage increase, showing an inverse relationship between the temporal trend of mortality and socioeconomic indicators. Conclusion: Despite the higher number of oral cancer deaths in regions with higher social indices, increasing temporal trends are more accentuated in regions with lower socioeconomic levels.

Clinically, COVID-19 manifestations range from mild non-specific symptoms to severe pneumonia accompanied with organ damage or failure. The most common symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia, sputum production, and headache². In addition, less common features include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort². Nonetheless, most infected patients are asymptomatic and the development of severe form is associated with advanced age and chronic illnesses, such as respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), endocrine disorders (obesity and diabetes), and cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy). It can progress quickly and provoke respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, blood coagulation dysfunction, and death^3,4.

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is associated with the progression of leishmaniasis because it inhibits the leishmanicidal action of macrophages and the production of mediators such as IFN-γ and nitric oxide. Studies have shown that specific polymorphisms are associated with the regulatory role of IL-10 and the development of more relevant clinical forms of leishamaniasis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-10 influence the progression of leishmaniasis. The selected articles were read in full and only those consistent with the eligibility criteria were included in our study. Seven studies were eligible according to the inclusion criteria and were included in the present systematic review, but only five were subjected to statistical analysis. The pooled odds ratios showed no significant association between the rs1800871 SNP and the progression of leishmaniasis in all genotype models, including the dominant, recessive, homozygote, heterozygote, and allelic models. Regarding the association between rs1800896 SNP and the progression of leishmaniasis, the pooled odds ratios showed no association under all genotype models. Hence, IL-10 SNPs did not show significant association and were not considered a risk factor for the progression of leishmaniasis.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease with increasing incidence in Brazil, particularly in the North-eastern. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of VL in an endemic region of North-eastern Brazil, between 2009 and 2017. Using spatial analysis techniques, an ecological and time series study was made regarding VL cases in Sergipe filed as notifiable disease events. With data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE), a digital population and cartographic baseline was established. Segmented linear regression was used to examine the temporal trends. The statistical analysis methods of Global and Local Moran’ I, local Bayesian empirical methodology and spatial-temporal scanning were used to produce thematic maps. High instances were found among adults, males, urban residents, non-Whites and persons with low levels of education. A decrease in the recovery rate and an increase in the proportion of urban cases and lethality was found. A heterogeneous VL distribution with spatiotemporal agglomeration on the seaside of the state was seen in Sergipe. To better manage the disease, new research is encouraged together with development of public health strategies. Further, improving health care networks, especially primary care, is suggested as this approach has a key role in health promotion, prevention and monitoring of the most prevalent diseases.