We investigated the utility of using histological changes to diagnose infectious oesophagitis when causative organisms cannot be seen. Sixty-seven endoscopic biopsy specimens (51 Candida, 9 herpes simplex virus, 4 tuberculosis, and 3 cytomegalovirus oesophagitis) collected from 2000-2010 that matched the investigative criteria were included in the study. Cases were re-evaluated for histological changes observed in oesophagitis, and the findings were statistically compared using nonparametric tests. Thirty-nine cases occurred in male patients, and 28 occurred in female patients; the mean age of the patients was 51±20.1 years (range, 5-94 years). All cases showed lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration; while 27 (40.3%) showed eosinophilic infiltration. The density of lymphocytes and eosinophils were 8.43±6 and 1.07±1.62 per high power field, respectively, and these rates were higher in tuberculosis oesophagitis cases. Lamina propria infiltration was present in herpes simplex virus and Candida oesophagitis. Dense neutrophilic infiltration (>50/high power field) was noted in herpes simplex virus oesophagitis. Candida colonization was observed in 82% of cases with eosinophilic infiltration, and 80% of cases with erosion. Ulceration was present in all tuberculosis oesophagitis cases (p<0.001). Basal cell hyperplasia, papillary elongation, and dilated intercellular spaces were seen in all cases except for 2 Candida oesophagitis cases. Lamina propria fibrosis was especially noted in cytomegalovirus oesophagitis cases. It is not possible to distinguish infectious oesophagitis from other subtypes, especially reflux oesophagitis, if the causative organism is not detected. Clinicopathological correlation and control with repeat targeted biopsies are essential for diagnosis.

As our understanding of the biologic basis of acute myeloid leukemia evolves, so do the classification systems used to describe this group of cancers. Early classification systems focused on the morphologic features of blasts and other cell populations; however, the explosion in genomic technologies has led to rapid growth in our understanding of these diseases and thus the refinement of classification systems. Recently, two new systems, the International Consensus Classification system and the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, were published to incorporate the latest genomic advances in blood cancer. This article reviews the major updates in acute myeloid leukemia in both systems and highlights the biologic insights that have driven these changes.

The most prevalent malignancy that complicates both adult and pediatric solid organ transplantation is post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). This study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia and PTLD in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A retrospective chart review was performed on 112 patients less than 18 years of age who underwent isolated orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between 2010 and 2022 at Ege University Children's Hospital. Data gathered for 1‐year post‐OLT included age at OLT, EBV, immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG status of the donor and recipient, indication for OLT, induction regimen, all immunosuppression levels, date and result of EBV polymerase chain reaction testing, rejection episodes documented by liver biopsy, and the development of PTLD. Forty‐nine patients (43.75%) developed EBV DNAemia (median interval from surgery: 2 months, min–max: 2–36), of which 43 (87.8%) grafts came from living donors, and 6 (12.2%) came from deceased donors. Nine (18.4%) patients died during follow‐up, and eight (16.3%) developed PTLD. Of these 8 patients; five patients developed EBV‐related disease, one child developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, one developed aplastic anemia, and one child developed B cell lymphoma. When PTLD patients and without‐PTLD patients were compared, pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization, abnormal bone marrow biopsy findings, lymphadenopathy, age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia, EBV viral load, tacrolimus (FK 506) pre‐infection, were higher and tacrolimus 1‐month levels were lower in patients with PTLD ( p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we showed that the age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia was significantly higher in children with PTLD ( p = 0.045; OR: 1.389; 95% CI: 1.007–1.914). PTLD is a rare but severe complication associated with EBV after OLT. This study demonstrated that PTLD is associated with older age, higher tacrolimus blood levels before EBV DNAemia, and higher peak EBV viral load at 1 month of EBV DNAemia.

Purpose Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) often lead to recurrent infections, immune dysregulation, and an increased risk of malignancies. Due to the heterogeneity in IEI presentations, personalized monitoring is essential for early detection of non-infectious complications. This study aims to document the characteristics and prevalence of malignancies in IEI patients. Methods A retrospective review of 355 patients diagnosed with IEI at the Adult Allergy and Immunology Clinic of Ege University was conducted. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory results, and immunological and genetic profiles of patients with malignancies were analyzed. Results A total of 40 patients with neoplasia (F/M: 18/22; median age: 51.58 years, range: 18–91) were evaluated. The median ages at IEI symptom onset, diagnosis, and neoplasm diagnosis were 16.5, 45, and 39.5 years, respectively. Malignancy was diagnosed in 60% of patients before IEI, with referrals for low immunoglobulin levels and/or severe infections, and for a genetic profile suggestive of immunodeficiency. The prevalence of malignancy in the overall cohort was 10.42% (37/355), while it was significantly higher in the common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) subgroup, reaching 20.44% (28/137). Lymphoma was the most common malignancy at 45.9%, primarily non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at 40.5%, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as a key subtype; carcinomas were the second most common at 35.1%. Hematologic malignancies were significantly more frequent among patients with CVID (90.5%), whereas non-hematologic malignancies predominated in the non-CVID group (77.8%) (p = 0.024). Lymphoproliferation was more common in hematologic malignancies (85.7%) compared to non-hematologic malignancies (25.0%) (p < 0.001). Genetic variants were identified in 61% of cases, with 37% classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic, including variants in TNFRSF13B/TACI, CCDC40, PLCG2, ATM, CARD11, CHEK2, CNV, COPB1, HPS5, LYST, MAPK8IP1, NBS1, NF1, NFKBIA, PI4KA, POLE, SPI1, and TAP2. Conclusions Findings confirm that NHL, particularly DLBCL, is the most prevalent malignancy in this cohort. Given the link between malignancies and underlying IEI, immunologic evaluation is recommended, particularly for NHL patients. The observed predominance of hematologic malignancies among CVID patients and the association with lymphoproliferation further emphasize the need for heightened malignancy surveillance and early immunologic workup in this subgroup. Further research on biomarkers for malignancy prediction in IEI is warranted.