Diagnosing a baby’s feelings poses a challenge for both doctors and parents because babies cannot explain their feelings through expression or speech. Understanding the emotions of babies and their associated expressions during different sensations such as hunger, pain, etc., is a complicated task. In infancy, all communication and feelings are propagated through cry-speech, which is a natural phenomenon. Several clinical methods can be used to diagnose a baby’s diseases, but nonclinical methods of diagnosing a baby’s feelings are lacking. As such, in this study, we aimed to identify babies’ feelings and emotions through their cry using a nonclinical method. Changes in the cry sound can be identified using our method and used to assess the baby’s feelings. We considered the frequency of the cries from the energy of the sound. The feelings represented by the infant’s cry are judged to represent certain sensations expressed by the child using the optimal frequency of the recognition of a real-world audio sound. We used machine learning and artificial intelligence to distinguish cry tones in real time through feature analysis. The experimental group consisted of 50% each male and female babies, and we determined the relevancy of the results against different parameters. This application produced real-time results after recognizing a child’s cry sounds. The novelty of our work is that we, for the first time, successfully derived the feelings of young children through the cry-speech of the child, showing promise for end-user applications.

The correlation between nocturnal enuresis (NE) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) was reported. We aim to determine whether there is an association between NE and SDB in children and to assess the prevalence of SDB and NE in primary school children aged 6–12 years in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among the caregivers of children aged 6–12 years in all Saudi Arabia regions. The data were gathered through a self-administered online questionnaire. It included demographic information, weight and height, and associated comorbidities, in addition to the weekly frequencies of snoring symptoms and of enuresis, as well as of unrefreshing sleep using Likert-type response scales. Counts and percentages, the mean ± standard deviation, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis using R v 3.6.3. The questionnaire was completed by 686 respondents. Most respondents did not report any comorbidities in their children (77.1%). Asthma and adenotonsillar hypertrophy were reported in 16.2% and 15.6% of children, respectively. Unrefreshing sleep, mouth breathing at night, snoring, chronic nasal obstruction, and difficulty breathing while asleep were reported once or twice per week in 38%, 34%, 28%, 18%, and 18% of children, respectively. The prevalence of NE was 22.3%, with about 36.6% of children having NE two or more times per week. Significantly, NE was reported in 26.6% of children who slept before 10 PM compared to 19% of children who slept after 10 PM; in 28.6% of children who snored or loudly snored (57.1%) three times or more per week; and in 51.2% and 27.5% of children with difficulty breathing while asleep and who breathed through their mouth at night for one or two nights per week, respectively. A multivariable regression analysis showed that male gender (OR = 1.52, p = 0.010), obesity (OR = 1.24, p = 0.028), early sleeping time (OR = 1.40, p = 0.048), loud snoring for three or more nights per week (OR = 1.54, p = 0.001), difficulty breathing for one or two nights per week (OR = 1.85, p = 0.010), and mouth breathing at night for one or two nights per week (OR = 1.55, p = 0.049) were associated with higher odds of NE. Our study revealed that 22.3% of primary school children reported suffering from NE. SDB is a common problem among children with NE. The exact mechanism that links SDB to the increase in the risk of NE is unknown. Male gender, obesity, early sleeping time, loud snoring, difficulty breathing, and mouth breathing at night are potential independent risk factors of NE in school-age children.

Introduction Septorhinoplasty operates on the nose's bone and cartilage and is ensued by severe postoperative pain. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of preoperative administration of intravenous (IV) paracetamol and ibuprofen on postoperative pain scores in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. Methods A total of 150 patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were randomly assigned into 3 groups with 50 patients in each group. The control group (group A) was administered 100 ml saline solution; the paracetamol group (group B) was administered 1,000 mg of IV paracetamol in 100 ml of saline solution; and the ibuprofen group (group C) was administered 800 mg of IV ibuprofen in 100 ml of saline solution before surgery. Opioid analgesics were employed to achieve postoperative analgesia. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Postoperative opioid consumption and adverse effects were also recorded for each patient. Results In comparison with group A, the score in the VAS of groups B and C was statistically lower in all the time intervals (p < 0.05). In the 1^st and 6^th hours postoperatively, group C's score in the VAS in was lower than that of group B (p < 0.05). In the control group, total opioid consumption was highest in all time intervals (p < 0.05). In group C, total opioid consumption was significantly lower than in group B in the 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 hours intervals. (p < 0.05). Conclusion The single-dose preemptive administration of ibuprofen has a more profound postoperative analgesic effect than paracetamol in the first 6 hours after septorhinoplasty. After the first 6 hours postsurgery, there is no difference between ibuprofen and paracetamol in terms of analgesic effect. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the research ethical committee of Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Reference No.: 442–42–52368-DS). A written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Received: 29 October 2021 Accepted: 17 April 2022 Article published online: 04 August 2023 © 2023. Fundação Otorrinolaringologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and clinical features of deviated nasal septum (DNS) among children under 14 years of age from the Najran region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: One thousand six hundred and eighty-one patients under 14 years of age were evaluated for DNS. They were divided into five age subgroups of <28 days, 29 days-3 years, 3–6 years, 6–12 years, and 12–14 years. The type of DNS according to Guyuron's classification and associated clinical features were recorded for each patient. Results: Nine hundred and ninety-one (59%) pediatric patients had DNS. Most DNS was found in the 12–14 years group (41%) and least in the <28 days group (9%). Class 1 DNS was maximum in the overall sample, <28 days and 29 days-3 years group. Class 2 DNS was maximum in 3–6 years and 6–12 years group. Class 6 DNS was maximum in the 12–14 years group. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between <28 days and 6–12 years, <28 days to 12–14 years, 29 days-3 years to 12–14 years, and 3–6 years to 12–14 years age groups. Clinically in the overall sample, 66.3% had nasal obstruction, 35.6% had nasal discharge, 30.4% had external deformity, 15.5% had rhinitis, 12.6% had pain or headache, 12.34% had sore throat, and 11.6% had snoring. Conclusion: We found that 59% of the pediatric Najran population has DNS. Class I is the most common deformity and the incidence of DNS increases with age. Nasal obstruction and nasal discharge are the most common clinical features associated with DNS.