In the era of digital transformation, the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging with improved data collection methods, advanced data processing mechanisms, enhanced analytic techniques, and modern service platforms. However, one of the major challenges is to provide an integrated design that can provide analytic capability for heterogeneous types of data and support the IoT applications with modular and robust services in an environment where the requirements keep changing. An enhanced analytic functionality not only provides insights from IoT data, but also fosters productivity of processes. Developing an efficient and easily maintainable IoT analytic system is a challenging endeavor due to many reasons such as heterogeneous data sources, growing data volumes, and monolithic service development approaches. In this view, the article proposes a design methodology that presents analytic capabilities embedded in modular microservices to realize efficient and scalable services in order to support adaptive IoT applications. Algorithms for analytic procedures are developed to underpin the model. We implement the Web Objects to virtualize IoT resources. The semantic data modeling is used to promote interoperability across the heterogeneous systems. We demonstrate the use case scenario and validate the proposed design with a prototype implementation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving with the connected objects at an unprecedented rate, bringing about enormous opportunities for the future IoT applications as well as challenges. One of the major challenges is to handle the complexity generated by the interconnection of billions of objects. However, Social Internet of Things (SIoT), emerging from the conglomeration of IoT and social networks, has realized an efficient way to facilitate the development of complex future IoT applications. Nevertheless, to fully utilize the benefits of SIoT, a platform that can provide efficient services using social relations among heterogeneous objects is highly required. The web objects enabled IoT environment promotes SIoT features by enabling virtualization using virtual objects and supporting the modularity with microservices. To realize SIoT services, this article proposes an architecture that provides a foundation for the development of lightweight microservices based on socially connected web objects. To efficiently discover web objects and reduce the complexity of service provisioning processes, a social relationship model is presented. To realize the interoperable service operations, a semantic ontology model has been developed. Finally, to evaluate the proposed design, a prototype has been implemented based on a use case scenario.

In the ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) environment, reusing objects instead of creating new one has become important in academics and industries. The situation becomes complex due to the availability of a huge number of connected IoT objects, and each individual service creates a new object instead of reusing the existing one to fulfill a requirement. A well-standard mechanism not only improves the reusability of objects but also improves service modularity and extensibility, and reduces cost. Web Objects enabled IoT environment applies the principle of reusability of objects in multiple IoT application domains through central objects repository and microservices. To reuse objects with microservices and to maintain a relationship with them, this study presents an architecture of Web of Objects platform. In the case of a similar request for an object, the already instantiated object that exists in the same or from other domain can be reused. Reuse of objects through microservices avoids duplications, and reduces time to search and instantiate them from their registries. Further, this article presents an algorithm for microservices and related objects discovery that considers the reusability of objects through the central objects repository. To support the reusability of objects, the necessary algorithm for objects matching is also presented. To realize the reusability of objects in Web Objects enabled IoT environment, a prototype has been designed and implemented based on a use case scenario. Finally, the results of the prototype have been analyzed and discussed to validate the proposed approach.

The significance of iiot is undeniable, yet many critical industries remain hesitant to adopt it due to fundamental security, transparency and safety concerns. Developing a mechanism to address these concerns is challenging, as it involves a large number of heterogeneous devices, complex relations and human-machine contextual factors. This article presents a comprehensive analysis through a systematic review of ontologies and key security attributes essential for modelling the security of iiot environments. Our review includes an extensive analysis of research articles, semantic security ontologies, and cybersecurity standards. Through this analysis, we identify critical security concepts and attributes, which can be leveraged to develop standardised security ontologies tailored for iiot. Additionally, we explore the potential of integrating ontologies into the Industry 5.0 paradigm, which emphasises human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability. While ontologies offer structured modelling capabilities, their alignment with Industry 5.0’s unique collaborative and adaptive security needs remains limited. Our review suggests that existing security ontologies are not fully aligned with security goals, exposing many important research gaps. These gaps include areas such as semantic mapping techniques, security-by-design ontologies, holistic security standards, and ontologies that address the sociotechnical aspects of iiot.

Interoperability has become a major challenge for the development of integrated healthcare applications. This is mainly because of the reason that data is collected, processed, and managed using heterogeneous protocols, different data formats, and diverse technologies, respectively. Moreover, interoperability among healthcare applications has been limited because of the lack of mutually agreed standards. This article proposes a semantic mediation model for the interoperability provision in heterogeneous healthcare service environments. To enhance semantic mediation, the Web of Objects (WoO) framework has been used to support abstraction and aggregation of healthcare concepts using virtual objects and composite virtual objects with ontologies. Besides, semantic annotation of healthcare data has been achieved with a simplified annotation algorithm. The alignment of diverse data models has been supported with the deep representation learning method. Semantic annotation and alignment provide a common understanding of data and cohesive integration, respectively. The semantic mediation model is backed with a target ontology catalog and standard vocabulary. Healthcare data is modeled using the standard Resource Description Framework (RDF), which provides triples structure to describe the healthcare concepts in a unified way. We demonstrate the semantic mediation process with the experimental settings and provide details on the utilization of the proposed model.

Due to a very large number of connected virtual objects in the surrounding environment, intelligent service features in the Internet of Things requires the reuse of existing virtual objects and composite virtual objects. If a new virtual object is created for each new service request, then the number of virtual object would increase exponentially. The Web of Objects applies the principle of service modularity in terms of virtual objects and composite virtual objects. Service modularity is a key concept in the Web Objects-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) environment which allows for the reuse of existing virtual objects and composite virtual objects in heterogeneous ontologies. In the case of similar service requests occurring at the same, or different locations, the already-instantiated virtual objects and their composites that exist in the same, or different ontologies can be reused. In this case, similar types of virtual objects and composite virtual objects are searched and matched. Their reuse avoids duplication under similar circumstances, and reduces the time it takes to search and instantiate them from their repositories, where similar functionalities are provided by similar types of virtual objects and their composites. Controlling and maintaining a virtual object means controlling and maintaining a real-world object in the real world. Even though the functional costs of virtual objects are just a fraction of those for deploying and maintaining real-world objects, this article focuses on reusing virtual objects and composite virtual objects, as well as discusses similarity matching of virtual objects and composite virtual objects. This article proposes a logistic model that supports service modularity for the promotion of reusability in the Web Objects-enabled IoT environment. Necessary functional components and a flowchart of an algorithm for reusing composite virtual objects are discussed. Also, to realize the service modularity, a use case scenario is studied and implemented.