We investigated the temperature-dependent evolution of the electronic structure of the $J_{\text{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ Mott insulator ${\text{Sr}}_2{\text{IrO}}_4$ using optical spectroscopy. The optical conductivity spectra $\sigma \left(\omega \right)$ of this compound has recently been found to exhibit two $d\text{−}d$ transitions associated with the transition between the $J_{\text{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ and $J_{\text{eff}}=\frac{3}{2}$ bands due to the cooperation of the electron correlation and spin-orbit coupling. As the temperature increases, the two peaks show significant changes resulting in a decrease in the Mott gap. The experimental observations are compared with the results of first-principles calculation in consideration of increasing bandwidth. We discuss the effect of the temperature change in the electronic structure of ${\text{Sr}}_2{\text{IrO}}_4$ in terms of local lattice distortion, excitonic effect, electron-phonon coupling, and magnetic ordering.

This review discusses the advancements, sensor design, and challenges in creating wearable and implantable nucleic acid-based sensors for personalized healthcare through real-time biomarker analysis in biofluids.

We investigated the effects of temperature and magnetic field on the electronic structure of hexagonal $R{\text{MnO}}_3$ ($R=\text{Gd}$, Tb, Dy, and Ho) thin films using optical spectroscopy. As the magnetic ordering of the system was disturbed, a systematic change in the electronic structure was identified in this series. The optical-absorption peak near 1.7 eV showed an unexpectedly large shift of more than 150 meV from 300 to 15 K, accompanied by an anomaly of the shift at the Néel temperature. The magnetic-field dependent measurement clearly revealed a sizable shift of the corresponding peak when a high magnetic field was applied. Our findings indicated strong coupling between the magnetic ordering and the electronic structure in the multiferroic hexagonal $R{\text{MnO}}_3$ compounds.

In global healthcare systems, sex and gender biases have favored cisgender males, which has led women and transgender individuals to be understudied and underrepresented in medical literature. Thus, these populations are largely overlooked in health policy making. Persistent gender inequalities, socioeconomic divides, and racial-ethnic discrimination, particularly in low-resource communities, have exacerbated women’s health concerns, delaying advancements in care and accessibility. However, recent years have seen the emergence of tracking technologies and wearable devices that enable long-term biomonitoring of key health biomarkers which promise to facilitate early disease diagnosis for women from all walks of life. These innovations value education and accessibility, which can break down barriers to health care access and management that has affected generations of women around the world. This review discusses emerging biomonitoring technologies for diagnosing and managing critical women’s health conditions as defined by the World Health Organization, including breast and gynecological cancers, vaginal infections, fertility, pregnancy and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Additionally, we examine the current commercial landscape of women’s health technologies, highlighting barriers to adoption, such as medical insurance access and socioeconomic status, as well as discuss opportunities for future innovation.

In this study, the upconversion (UC) emissions of Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺ co-doped SrZrO₃ nanocrystals (NCs) were investigated in terms of the thermal annealing temperature and concentration of Er³⁺ ions and compared with the emissions under a near-ultraviolet (near-UV) excitation. The NCs were synthesized by the combustion method, and the as-synthesized NCs were post-annealed at high temperatures. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the grain sizes and crystallinity degrees of the samples increased with increasing annealing temperatures. The photoluminescence spectra of our samples exhibited strong green and very weak red emissions with the near-UV excitation, originating from the f-f transitions in the Er³⁺ ions. Interestingly, under near-infrared (near-IR) excitation, we identified sizable visible emissions at 525, 547, and 660 nm in our NCs, which indicated that the UC process successfully occurred in our NCs. These UC emissions were maximized in the NCs with an Er³⁺ concentration of 0.02 and thermal annealing at 1000 °C. We found that the intensity ratios of red to green emissions increased with increasing annealing temperatures. We discussed the differences in the emissions between near-UV and near-IR excitations.