In March 2006, diseased soybean plants (Glycine max) were found in the municipalities of Passo Fundo and Coxilha, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showing withered, brown leaves and light to reddish-brown discoloration and necrosis (canker) of the lower half of the stem. Cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar showed identical patterns to those described for Diaporthe phaseolorum varcaulivora (Dpc). The rDNA-ITS sequence data from the Brazilian strain CH 40/06 (GenBank accession number EU622854) were compared to homologous sequences from the NCBI GenBank database, and a high similarity with Dpc strains was verified. A phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to compare EU622854 with other related sequences and grouped with Dpc. This group was highly supported by the bootstrap test (99%). Morphology of the Brazilian specimen was also similar to that described in the literature for Dpc, but the ascospores were slightly narrower than the American original material of Dpc. In field surveys performed in the 2006/07 crop season, Dpc was also found in five additional municipalities in RS. Em março de 2006, plantas de soja (Glycine max) doentes foram encontradas em Passo Fundo e em Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O quadro sintomatológico caracterizava-se por plantas com folhas secas e de coloração marrom; necrose (cancro) na metade inferior da haste, de coloração marrom-clara a marrom-avermelhada, envolvendo a mesma, seguindo-se murcha e morte da planta. Características culturais em batata dextrose ágar mostraram padrões idênticos àqueles publicados para Diaporthe phaseolorum varcaulivora (Dpc). Os dados de seqüenciamento de DNA do isolado brasileiro CH 40/06 (número de acesso GenBank EU622854) foram comparados às seqüências homólogas de NCBI GenBank, e alta similaridade foi verificada com outros isolados de Dpc. Árvore filogenética foi elaborada a fim de comparar EU622854 com outras seqüências de Dpc, cujo agrupamento foi altamente confirmado pelo teste bootstrap (99%). Características morfológicas foram similares às descritas para Dpc na literatura, embora os ascosporos do espécime brasileiro fossem mais estreitos que o original americanoNa safra 2006/07, Dpc foi também encontrado em outros cinco municípios do RS

This review paper presents the current context of wheat production in Brazil, the management strategies to reduce yield losses due to blast, and the biotechnological approaches to improve wheat resistance. Wheat blast or brusone is caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype fungus that can infect all the aboveground parts of the plant. The main symptom of the blast disease is spike bleaching that impairs grain production, causing yield losses up to 100% in susceptible wheat cultivars. The first world report of blast in wheat spikes was in Brazil, in 1985, and, currently, the disease is the main constraint to wheat cultivation in tropical and subtropical areas of the Cerrado and Mata Atlântica biomes. For a long time, the use of fungicides has been found to be ineffective under high-pressure disease conditions. However, recent works have pointed out that fungicide efficiency depends on the integration of other control measures, particularly the choice of cultivars with moderate resistance. In this review paper, the high variability of wheat reaction to MoT is presented, as well as a panel of resistant or moderately resistant cultivars (including non-2NS carriers), promptly available for cultivation in regions where blast is endemic.

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) stand out among plant-specific peptide superfamilies due to their multifaceted roles in plant molecular physiology and development, including their protective functions against pathogens. These antimicrobial agents have demonstrated remarkable efficacy against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The discovery of plant-originated, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides such as nsLTPs has paved the way for exploring the mentioned organisms as potential biofactories for synthesizing antimicrobial compounds. Recently, nsLTPs have been the focus of a plethora of research and reviews, providing a functional overview of their potential activity. The present work compiles relevant information on nsLTP omics and evolution, and it adds meta-analysis of nsLTPs, including: (1) genome-wide mining in 12 plant genomes not studied before; (2) latest common ancestor analysis (LCA) and expansion mechanisms; (3) structural proteomics, scrutinizing nsLTPs’ three-dimensional structure/physicochemical characteristics in the context of nsLTP classification; and (4) broad nsLTP spatiotemporal transcriptional analysis using soybean as a study case. Combining a critical review with original results, we aim to integrate high-quality information in a single source to clarify unexplored aspects of this important gene/peptide family.

Metarhizium rileyi (formerly known as Nomuraea rileyi ) is a potential agent for microbial control of many insect pests from the order Lepidoptera, the damages of which can cause considerable loss of productivity in agriculture. We report the genome sequence and annotation of M. rileyi strain Cep018-CH2/ARSEF 7053.

The biological cause of Pork Stress syndrome, which leads to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat, is excessive release of Ca(2+) ions, which is promoted by a genetic mutation in the ryanodine receptors (RyR) located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle cells. We examined the relationship between the formation of PSE meat under halothane treatment and heat stress exposure in chicken alphaRYR hot spot fragments. Four test groups were compared: 1) birds slaughtered without any treatment, i.e., the control group (C); 2) birds slaughtered immediately after halothane treatment (H); 3) birds slaughtered immediately after heat stress treatment (HS), and 4) birds exposed to halothane and to heat stress (H+HS), before slaughtering. Breast muscle mRNA was extracted, amplified by RT-PCR, and sequenced. PSE meat was evaluated using color determination (L* value). The most common alteration was deletion of a single nucleotide, which generated a premature stop codon, resulting in the production of truncated proteins. The highest incidence of nonsense transcripts came with exposure to halothane; 80% of these abnormal transcripts were detected in H and H+HS groups. As a consequence, the incidence of abnormal meat was highest in the H+HS group (66%). In HS, H, and C groups, PSE meat developed in 60, 50, and 33% of the samples, respectively. Thus, halothane apparently modulates alphaRYR gene expression in this region, and synergically with exposure to heat stress, causes Avian Stress syndrome, resulting in PSE meat in broiler chickens.

Stylosanthes scabra is a scientifically orphaned legume found in the Brazilian Caatinga biome (a semi-arid environment). This work utilized omics approaches to investigate some ecophysiological aspects of stress tolerance/resistance in S. scabra, study its genomic landscape, and predict potential metabolic pathways. Considering its high-confidence conceptual proteome, 1694 (~2.6%) proteins were associated with resistance proteins, some of which were found in soybean QTL regions that confer resistance to Asian soybean rust. S. scabra was also found to be a potential source of terpenes, as biosynthetic gene clusters associated with terpene biosynthesis were identified in its genome. The analysis revealed that mobile elements comprised approximately 59% of the sequenced genome. In the remaining 41% of the sections, some of the 22,681 protein-coding gene families were categorized into two informational groups: those that were specific to S. scabra and those that expanded significantly compared to their immediate ancestor. Biological process enrichment analyses indicated that these gene families play fundamental roles in the adaptation of S. scabra to extreme environments. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between the genera Stylosanthes and Arachis. Finally, this study found a high number (57) of aquaporin-encoding loci in the S. scabra genome. RNA-Seq and qPCR data suggested that the PIP subfamily may play a key role in the species’ adaptation to water deficit conditions. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into S. scabra biology and a wealth of gene/transcript information for future legume omics studies.