Inflammatory markers have a wide range of predictive values in the prognosis of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). Poor nutritional status usually means a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC, which is widely recognized by oncologists and nutritionists. Serum albumin has a certain value in evaluating the prognosis of patients. Several inflammatory albumin-related markers have been proposed, but they have not been widely used in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC in clinical practice. We aim to systematically review the published clinical evidence of albumin-related inflammatory markers in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC and to describe their progress and value. The results showed that the markers included in the review could be prognostic indicators in patients with NSCLC. However, we found that the cut-off value of albumin-related inflammatory markers with quantitative nature was very chaotic and needed to be defined by recognized standards. We summarized and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these markers, but a prospective cohort study with long-term follow-up after adjustment for important confounders is still necessary. Whether the results and conclusions could be directly applied in clinical practice needs to be identified and evaluated. There is an urgent need to classify and standardize the albumin-related inflammatory markers that play an important role in the prognosis of NSCLC, which is the key to ensuring the transformation from clinical study to clinical application.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors affecting women worldwide. The predictive value of some blood inflammatory composite markers in OC has been extensively reported. They can be used for early detection and differential diagnosis of OC and can be used for predicting survival, treatment response, and recurrence in the affected patients. Here, we reviewed the predictive values of composite inflammatory markers based on complete blood count, namely neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic inflammation index and markers based on blood protein, namely C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio and prognostic nutritional index in OC, with a focus on NLR and PLR. We referred to the clinical studies on these six markers, reviewed the patient population, and summarized the marker cut-off values, significance, and limitations of these studies. All these studies were retrospective and most of them were single-center clinical studies with small sample sizes. We found that the cut-off values of these markers have not been unified, and methods used to determine these values varied among studies. The predictive value of these markers on survival was mainly reflected in the postoperative patients of multiple subtypes of ovarian cancer including epithelial OC, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, and ovarian clear cell carcinoma. We focused on NLR and PLR and calculated their pooled hazard ratios. NLR and PLR were reliable in predicting overall and progression-free survivals in patients with OC. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust important confounding factors and conduct a long-term follow-up prospective cohort study to further clarify the cut-off values of NLR and PLR and their clinical applications.

The existing biomarkers are insufficient for predicting the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a precursor to PDAC; therefore, identifying biomarkers from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PDAC and IPMN is a new and reliable strategy for predicting the prognosis of PDAC. In this study, four datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and standardized using the R package ‘limma.’ A total of 51 IPMN and 81 PDAC samples were analyzed, and 341 DEGs in PDAC and IPMN were identified; DEGs were involved in the extracellular matrix and tumor microenvironment. An acceptable survival prognosis was demonstrated by SDC1 and ITGA2, which were highly expressed during in vitro PDAC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. SDC1^high was enriched in interferon alpha (IFN-α) response and ITGA2^high was primarily detected in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was verified using western blotting. We concluded that SDC1 and ITGA2 are potential prognostic biomarkers for PDAC associated with IPMN. Downregulation of SDC1 and ITGA2 expression in PDAC occurs via a mechanism involving possible regulation of IFN-α response, EMT, and immunity, which may act as new targets for PDAC therapy.

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the anti-ovarian cancer (OC) efficacy of Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang Powder (YFBP), identify its key chemical constituents, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. The chemical profile of YFBP was characterized using UHPLC-MS/MS. The potential mechanisms were predicted through integrated network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses. The anti-tumor effects were validated in SK-OV-3 cells and a xenograft mouse model by performing CCK-8, flow cytometry, and TUNEL assays. The effects on the tumor inflammatory microenvironment and the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway were assessed by ELISA, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis identified 271 chemical constituents in YFBP. In vivo, YFBP significantly suppressed tumor growth (inhibition rate up to 52.4%) without systemic toxicity. It inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle in the S-phase. Mechanistically, YFBP ameliorated the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and concurrently activated the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Rescue experiments confirmed that the JNK inhibitor SP600125 attenuated the anti-proliferative effects of YFBP. This study demonstrates that YFBP exerts significant anti-OC therapeutic effects by modulating the inflammatory TME and activating the JNK/c-Jun pathway. Our findings provide a pharmacological basis for the traditional use of YFBP and highlight its potential as a promising candidate phytomedicine for OC therapy.

Shaofu Zhuyu decoction has been widely used to treat gynecological diseases; however, its mechanism of action in endometriosis remains unclear. We analyzed Shaofu Zhuyu decoction's chemical composition using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In an endometriosis mouse model, ectopic lesions weight measurements and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction. Effects on intestinal microflora were analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing, and impacts on focal fibrosis were analyzed using Masson's trichrome staining. Moreover, fibrosis- and metabolism-related proteins were assessed using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study identified 157 chemical constituents within Shaofu Zhuyu decoction. Shaofu Zhuyu decoction treatment in mice with endometriosis resulted in a reduction in ectopic lesions weight (P < 0.05) and delayed disease progression. Moreover, it improved the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora, and decreased the expression of Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05), Rikenellaceae (P < 0.01), Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.01), Lachnoclostridium (P < 0.05), and unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed enrichment in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism pathways. Masson's trichrome staining revealed that compared to the untreated group, the Shaofu Zhuyu decoction group exhibited significantly reduced collagen deposition areas (P < 0.001), lower TGF-β1 (P < 0.001), COL1A1 (P < 0.05), and α-SMA (P < 0.01) expression in ectopic lesions, along with increased serum adiponectin (P < 0.05), decreased serum TGF-β1 (P < 0.001), and CTGF (P < 0.05). Shaofu Zhuyu decoction regulates the intestinal flora of mice with endometriosis while also reducing fibrosis at the lesion site. These findings highlight novel mechanisms for its efficacy in alleviating endometriosis.