Direct velocity measurements of the Malvinas Current (MC) were carried out on multiple occupations of five transects across the flow using a Shipborne Acoustic Current Profiler (SADCP) on the R/V Akademik Sergey Vavilov and Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. These data are used to determine local features of the three‐dimensional velocity field of the current. The occupations covered the northern branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the southern part of the MC. Five transects across the flow were located at 350–550 km from each other from the Drake Passage to the western Argentine Basin at 46°S. The new observations reveal that the current is organized in two branches, namely, an inshore branch extending to a depth of 200–300 m and a main offshore branch, which flows approximately over the 1,400 m isobath. This two‐branch structure is observed on each of the cross‐flow transects. The observed velocities of the inshore branch exceed 40 cm/s on each studied crossing of the current. The MC is a cold western boundary current that follows the Subantarctic Front. This flow originates as an offshoot of the northern branch of the ACC and continues over the Falkland/Malvinas Plateau and along the western slope of the Argentine Basin. Volume transports of the upper 700 m of the MC calculated for each crossing range between 1.4 and 4.4 Sv for the inshore branch and between 21.2 and 25.5 Sv for the offshore (main) branch.

The Bransfield Strait is a relatively deep and narrow channel between the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula contributing to the water transport between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean. The strait can be divided into three deep separate basins, namely, the western, central, and eastern basins. The sources of deep waters in the three basins are different, leading to differences in thermohaline properties and water density between the basins. The difference in water density should in turn cause intense deep currents from one basin to another through narrow passages over the sills separating the basins. However, there are still no works dedicated to such possible overflows in the Bransfield Strait. In this study, we report our new CTD and LADCP measurements performed in 2022 over the watersheds between the basins. Quasisimultaneous observations of the main circulation patterns carried out at several sections allowed us to analyze the evolution of thermohaline and kinematic structures along the Bransfield Strait. Volume transports of waters in the strait were estimated on the basis of direct velocity observations. These new data also indicate the existence of intense and variable deep current between the central and eastern basins of the strait. The analysis of historical data shows that the mean flow is directed from the central to the eastern basin. In addition, LADCP data suggest the intensification of the flow in the narrow part of the sill between the basins, and the possible mixing of deep waters at this location.

The results of measurement of the thermohaline parameters of water and currents in the Bransfield Strait in Antarctica during the expedition of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2020 are presented. A section of nine stations across the strait located in its central part and vertical distributions of temperature and salinity are analyzed. Intrusion of deep water from the southern branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was found. Estimates of the current velocity and water transport are given. The total transport to the northeast was 5.03 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³/s).

The aim of this study is to trace how the fine-thermohaline and kinematic structure, formed over a section along 45.8° S in the interaction zone of the outer Patagonian Shelf (PS) and Malvinas (Falkland) Current (MC) System waters, affect the spatial distribution of bio-optical characteristics, phyto/zooplankton, birds, and marine mammals. For the first time, simultaneous multidisciplinary observations at high spatial resolution (~2.5 km) were performed in this region during the cruise of the R/V “Akademic Mstislav Keldysh” in February 2022. A fine structure of alternating upwelling and downwelling zones over the PS and slope was identified, which resulted from the interaction between the MC inshore branch (MCi), bottom topography, and wind. This interaction significantly affects all the physical, and optical characteristics analyzed in the work, as well as the biota of the region. It was found that the euphotic zone is larger in the downwelling zones than in the upwelling zones, and all spatially local maxima of phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency are observed in the zones between upwelling and downwelling. Phytoplankton along the section were represented by 43 species. A total of 30 zooplankton species/taxa were identified. Three species of marine mammals and 11 species of birds were recorded in the study site. Most of the phytoplankton species list were formed by dinoflagellates, and picoplankton Prasinoderma colonial quantitatively dominated everywhere. Two floristic and three assemblage groups were distinguished among the analyzed phytoplankton communities. High phytoplankton biodiversity was observed above the PS and low above the PS edge and in the MCi core. Copepods mostly dominated in zooplankton. Subantarctic species/taxa of zooplankton concentrated in the nearshore waters of the PS, while Antarctic species/taxa were most abundant in the zone between the MCi and the MC offshore branch (MCo). The relative abundance of birds in the PS was several times higher than in the MCo. The minimum abundance of birds was in the MCi in the zone of the strongest upwelling identified above the PS edge.

The transition from winter vertical mixing to the formation of the spring thermocline in the southeastern Baltic Sea is studied based on data from the hydrophysical measurements program (11 expeditions) in the Russian part of Gdansk Bay in March–June 2010, 2011, and 2013. CTD measurements were taken along the standard 18-km transect across the isobaths with a 500-m step abeam the city of Baltiysk. A set of frequently measured data was collected in a 1–2 week interval from the end of March to the beginning of May, which made it possible to analyze the transformation of the vertical thermal structure of water from inverse winter type to the summer stratification with the transition of temperature over the temperature of the density maximum. Series of repeated measurements at the deep and coastal stations as well as surface and subsurface towed measurements were carried out. The fact that lenses of freshened warmer water appear at the surface almost simultaneously with intensification of cold intrusions in intermediate (10–40 m) layers makes it possible not only to confirm the advective nature of the formation of the spring thermocline in the Baltic Sea, but also to hypothesize about the intensification of intrabasin exchange when winter-time vertical mixing ceases: the potential energy excess supported by vertical mixing in the 60-m upper quasi-homogeneous layer (UQL) of the Baltic Proper, in which the horizontal estuarine salinity gradient is significant, is converted to kinetic energy of exchange currents as the mixing process terminates. Such water dynamics makes it possible to explain the intensification of intrusions in the Baltic in spring and the formation of the cold intermediate layer due to the fast propagation of late-winter UQL water from the Bornholm Basin to the Baltic Proper. The results agree well with earlier published studies of other authors.