Hyperdontia can cause numerous aesthetic and functional problems. The diagnosis is made radiologically, and the most commonly used radiological method is orthopantomography, while CBCT is also used. CBCT has the advantage of being three-dimensional. Artificial Intelligence is widely used in medicine and dentistry, and it can create a specific algorithm to aid in diagnosis and suggest therapeutic procedures. In a case report, a 6-year-old boy was diagnosed with a supernumerary tooth between the upper central incisors. Orthopantomography revealed another impacted supernumerary tooth, and the patient was referred for CBCT. A platform for analyzing dental images, based on artificial intelligence, Diagnocat (Diagnocat Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA), was used for analysis and the AI system identified the supernumerary teeth and provided a complete plan for treatment. The use of AI in dentistry allows for faster and more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of dental fear among schoolchildren in Bosnia and Herzegovina, analyze the distribution of dental anxiety by gender, age, and place of residence in relation to perceived sources of fear, and evaluate its association with oral health status. Materials and Methods: The sample included 355 schoolchildren between the ages of 12 and 15. Data were gathered using a self-assessment questionnaire, a brief clinical oral examination, and the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Results: Clinical examinations showed that 87.61% of the children had dental caries, with a mean DMFT score of 3.75 (SD = 2.93). The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher in the older group compared to the younger group (p < 0.01). Dental fear was present in 21.7% of the children, with a mean total CFSS-DS score of 27.50 (SD = 13.85). The most feared aspect among the children was “Choking” (73.8%), followed by “Injections” (63.7%) and “The noise of the dentist drilling” (52.1%). Children with dental fear had a significantly greater number of decayed and missing teeth, higher DMFT scores, and poorer gingival health and oral hygiene compared to those without dental fear (p < 0.01), even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: The study found a moderate level of dental fear among Bosnian schoolchildren, with younger children and those from urban areas showing more fear of injections. It also showed a consistent link between dental anxiety and clinical factors such as caries, gum disease, and oral hygiene, even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors.

Background/Aim. Developmental disorders of teeth are the problems that are becoming more present in pediatric dentistry, especially on first permanent molars and incisors. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is proposed term for this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to establish the MIH prevalence in children living in the Foca municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina) as well as to assess characteristics and expression of hypomineralization within the tested population. Methods. A total of 141 children from the Foca municipality, 8 years of age, were included in this study. Criteria according to Weerhejm have been used for diagnosis of hypomineralization: demarcated opacity (DO), post-eruptive breakdown (PEB), atypical restoration (AR), extracted molars due to MIH (E-MIH) and unerupted tooth (UT). Level and the prominence of color changes have been determined for patients with DO, PEB and AR. Results. MIH in this area was present in 12.8% of children. The prevalence of MIH changes expressed in percentages was as follows: DO was at 9.2%, PEB in 3.5%, AR in 5.6%, while E-MIH was 5.6%. A total of 9.9% of the examinees had mild, 5.6% moderate, and 7.8% severe form of MIH. White form of MIH defects was found in 9.9% of the examinees, white-yellow one in 5.6% and yellow-brown color in 3.5% of the examined children. These changes were more often present in the lower jaw (60.3%). In total, 6.4% of children had these changes present only on molars, while 6.4% of them both on molars and incisors simultaneously. Conclusion. A total of 12.8% of the examinees with MIH is not to be disregarded. With timely diagnosis, prevention and therapy complications could be avoided or mitigated.

Introduction/Objective. University teachers have a challenging task in finding creative ways to present educational content. One of them is to create applications dedicated to educational purposes, which students can use on their mobile phones any time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of mobile learning of dentistry students during COVID- 19 pandemic. Methods. The prospective study involved 56 students from two medical faculties in the Balkans, who continued to study online after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online teaching was based on material in the form of PowerPoint presentations. In order to provide an additional educational tool, a step-by-step mobile application for managing traumatic dental injuries was developed. After one week of using that mobile application, all students completed a questionnaire in electronic form concerning teaching satisfaction. Results. Over 90% of the respondents stated that the application facilitated a learning process, improved their understanding of the teaching unit, and provided a great convenience in terms of access to information. Median value of the total score concerning clinical protocol by the use of application was 20 (16?20), which was significantly higher than the neutral value (p < 0.001). Median value of the total score concerning the use of conventional PowerPoint presentations did not differ significantly from the neutral value (p = 0.284). Conclusion. Mobile learning resulted in improved knowledge of dental traumatology diagnostics and treatment among undergraduate dentistry students during COVID-19 pandemic.

Background/Aim. Health education plays a very important role in maintaining health of individuals. Good oral health, as a part of general health, is largely dependent on the level of knowledge, attitudes and habits that children already have. The aim of this study is to examine the level of knowledge and habits in children regarding oral hygiene, diet and bad habits. Methods. The study included 506 school children aged 12 and 15 years in three towns (Foča, Čajniče, Kalinovik, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The survey was conducted in order to assess knowledge, attitudes and habits that children have in relation to their own oral health. Results. Most respondents stated that they began to brush their teeth at the age of 4, while a smaller number linked beginning of tooth brushing to the start of school. The parents more often help the boys during tooth brushing. A total of 54.9% of children brush their teeth after every meal, while 40.1% of them brush teeth only once during the day. Twelve year olds brush their teeth more often, especially after a meal. A total of 92.5% of children had never used fluoride tablets nor are the tablets recommended to them by anyone. More than half of the children (61.7%) visited the dentist for the first time before starting school that is on the regular examination that is performed upon enrollment to school. A pain as a reason for dental visits was present in 43.9%, while the preventive check in only 31.4% of the children. Conclusion. Children included in this study, particularly 15-year-olds, are quite well informed about teeth brushing frequency and proper selection of tools for hygiene maintenance, but this knowledge is not applied. Girls are more responsible for their own health, and come regularly to the preventive dental checkups.

Introduction. The problem of chronic diseases such as caries is very complex because it appears very early in life, often during childhood. The number of involved people is growing as well as the number of affected teeth and surfaces that eventually lead to teeth loss. The aim of this study was to determine the dental status of adolescents age 12 and 15 in three municipalities in Bosnia, Foca, Cajnice and Kalinovik. Material and methods. The study included 506 school children both genders of six schools in three municipalities (Foca, Cajnice and Kalinovik). Teeth examination and criteria for diagnosis and coding were estimated based of criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD). To estimate dental health DMFT index [number of carious teeth (D), missing (M) and filled teeth (F)] and related indices (Person Caries Index, Teeth Caries Index, Average Caries Index and DMFT structure) were used. Results. Dental health status and caries prevalence were presented through the values of the Average Caries Index. The value of Average Caries Index for examined children was 6.17. Of all examined children 96.05% of them had at least one carious tooth. The average value of Teeth Caries Index was 23.04%. Conclusion. Dental health of the children in the examined region was characterized by high values of untreated carious teeth as well as the other components of DMFT index. Therefore, preventive measures and primary dental care must be implemented better among school children.