Psoriasis is a genetic predisposition with T-cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by cutaneous inflammation, increased epidermal proliferation, hyperkeratosis, angiogenesis, and abnormal keratinization that affects up to 2 – 3% of the population worldwide. Common therapies that are used for the treatment of psoriasis include topical, systemic, phototherapy, combination, herbal therapy and novel molecules. Topically used agents include Vit D, calcipotriol, corticosteroids, dithranol and retinoids etc. Systemically used agents include methotrexate and cyclosporine etc. Phototherapy includes UV-B, Psoralen plus ultraviolet therapy and excimer laser etc. These therapies have a number of potential problems, such as limited in efficacy, inconvenience, organ toxicity, carcinogenic and broadband immunosuppression. In natural treatment a variety of natural agents such as methanolic extracts of duzhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.), yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis,) linseed oil, fish oil, and Indigo naturalis etc., that modulates T cell and cytokine action at various steps along with the pathogenic sequence have been developed. But till now there is no more in vivo, dose and its efficacy data has been established. Current therapy includes biologicals, small molecules inhibitor and enzyme inhibitors etc, which serve as novel therapeutic options for psoriasis treatment. All these avoid the side effects of the prebiologically developed systemic agents including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression. Currently, Denilukin diftitox, Efalizumab, Alefacept, Ustekinumab and Etanercept are approved by the FDA, and others molecules are at clinical stage. Patents issued by the US office are also included in current psoriasis treatment scenario. In the United States, biologicals are widely used for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. But because of the high cost of medication and their availability in injection form, it remains to be seen how widely these agents will be utilized worldwide. Still, developing countries prefer conventional drugs.

Psoriasis is a T-cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory skin disease recognized by skin surface inflammation, epidermal proliferation, hyperkeratosis, angiogenesis and anomalous keratinization. Currently, various pharmacotherapies are available for it; however, pharmacotherapy based on conventional formulations can provide therapeutic benefits only to a limited extent. Recent advancement in nanotechnology-based nanomedicines has led to the possibility of improving the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapeutic agents for psoriasis. This review covers the brief pathophysiology of psoriasis, available medications and its associated challenges in treatment. Collective accounts of various drugs acting on different molecular targets of psoriasis and the role of nanomedicines in their effective targeting are discussed. Moreover, newer approaches in psoriatic therapy such as combination drug targeting and physical techniques of topical permeation enhancement along with nanomedicines are also discussed. Novel nanomedicines (such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, etc.) have shown their potential in improving therapeutic benefits of antipsoriatic drugs by increasing their therapeutic efficacy with minimal toxicity. Nevertheless, while the results on animal models using nanomedicine-based drug targeting of psoriasis via different route seem promising, lack of sufficient evidence in a clinical setup is a constraint and more clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of nanomedicines in psoriasis therapy are required.

(2012). Advancement in multifunctional nanoparticles for the effective treatment of cancer. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 367-381.

Multi drug resistance and non specific targeting is a major problem with conventional therapy. To overcome this problem, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an important tool to deliver conventional drugs, recombinant proteins, vaccines and more recently, nucleotides. NPs modify the drug release pattern, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and therapeutic response. This review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in cancer and discusses the different nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems including quantum dot, iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, dendrimer, graphene and polymeric nanoparticles with their applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and imaging pattern. Further, the recent development and progress of theranostic nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer and toxicity associated with nanoparticles is also covered here.