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Andrew J. Erickson
St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA

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Review
Published: 13 October 2018 in Sustainability
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The methods for properly executing inspection and maintenance of stormwater control measures are often ambiguous and inconsistently applied. This paper presents specific guidelines for inspecting and maintaining stormwater practices involving media filtration, infiltration, ponds, and permeable pavements because these tend to be widely implemented and often unsatisfactorily maintained. Guidelines and examples are based on recent scientific research and practitioner experience. Of special note are new assessment and maintenance methods, such as testing enhanced filtration media that targets dissolved constituents, maintaining proper vegetation coverage in infiltration practices, assessing phosphorus release from pond sediments, and the development of compressed impermeable regions in permeable pavements and their implications for runoff. Inspection and maintenance examples provided in this paper are drawn from practical examples in Northern Midwest USA, but most of the maintenance recommendations do not depend on regional characteristics, and guidance from around the world has been reviewed and cited herein.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Vinicius J. Taguchi; John Gulliver. The Challenge of Maintaining Stormwater Control Measures: A Synthesis of Recent Research and Practitioner Experience. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3666 .

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Vinicius J. Taguchi, John Gulliver. The Challenge of Maintaining Stormwater Control Measures: A Synthesis of Recent Research and Practitioner Experience. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Vinicius J. Taguchi; John Gulliver. 2018. "The Challenge of Maintaining Stormwater Control Measures: A Synthesis of Recent Research and Practitioner Experience." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3666.

Conference paper
Published: 31 May 2018 in World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018
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This second of three parts of the history of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL) at the University of Minnesota documents the transition to increased emphasis on environmental research. SAFL methodology includes laboratory experimentation and field observations, physical model studies and numerical simulations, and stochastic data analysis. Much of the research at SAFL has been connected to hydraulic structures, renewable energy, protection of the environment, and geophysical fluid dynamics. From its beginning in 1938, SAFL has been an interdisciplinary science and engineering research and educational facility with a strong grounding in fluid mechanics. Starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when awareness and legislation of environmental impacts of human activities grew dramatically, SAFL’s research expanded significantly into areas connecting fluid mechanics with the chemistry and biology of aquatic environments, and into geophysical (earth-surface) processes. Environmental research at SAFL began with water resources engineering and riverine sediment transport. After developing and applying techniques of physical model studies for hydraulic structures and high-speed marine propulsion, SAFL researchers developed numerical flow and water quality simulation models for the protection of aquatic environments. Studies on the influence of fluid flow on pollutant transport and the growth and behavior of organisms were initiated. Geophysical processes became a centerpiece of SAFL research with the creation of the National Center for Earthsurface Dynamics (NCED), which got a home at SAFL in 2002. Fluid flow in the human body has been studied in co-operation with medical professionals. Field-scale experimentation was added for environmental and geophysical studies. Sophisticated experimental facilities and data acquisition and simulation tools have been developed by SAFL researchers. Examples of environmental research and design studies that have been conducted at SAFL since its opening in 1938 will be presented in nine major research categories: urban storm water runoff and water quality; environmental transport and mixing; water quality dynamics and modeling; global climate change effects; protection of fish and fish habitat; eco- and bio-fluid mechanics; watershed eco-hydrology and the Outdoor Stream Lab; sediment transport, earth surface dynamics, and the NCED legacy; and innovations in instrumentation and data acquisition. Examples will showcase the evolution and significance of environmental research at SAFL. The outlook for environmental research at SAFL and its connection to renewable energy will be presented in Part 3 of the presentation.

ACS Style

Heinz Stefan; Chris Ellis; John Gulliver; Miki Hondzo; Chris Paola; Jeffrey Marr; Kimberly Hill; Michele Guala; Ardeshir Ebtehaj; Vaughan Voller; Andy Erickson; Jessica Kozarek; Amy Hansen. The St. Anthony Falls Laboratory: 80 Years of Progress Part 2A Transition to Environmental Research. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Heinz Stefan, Chris Ellis, John Gulliver, Miki Hondzo, Chris Paola, Jeffrey Marr, Kimberly Hill, Michele Guala, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Vaughan Voller, Andy Erickson, Jessica Kozarek, Amy Hansen. The St. Anthony Falls Laboratory: 80 Years of Progress Part 2A Transition to Environmental Research. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heinz Stefan; Chris Ellis; John Gulliver; Miki Hondzo; Chris Paola; Jeffrey Marr; Kimberly Hill; Michele Guala; Ardeshir Ebtehaj; Vaughan Voller; Andy Erickson; Jessica Kozarek; Amy Hansen. 2018. "The St. Anthony Falls Laboratory: 80 Years of Progress Part 2A Transition to Environmental Research." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Environmental Engineering
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Field installations of two iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs), designed to remove phosphate and particulates from stormwater runoff, were monitored and maintained for 1–3 years. One application, a traditional IESF in an agricultural watershed, retained over 64% of the influent phosphate load, whereas the second, a pond perimeter IESF in a developing suburban watershed, retained 26%. The measured average effluent event mean concentration (EMC) for the traditional IESF was 56.1 μg/L. All events exhibited positive removal of phosphate (i.e., effluent loadsinfluent loads). Events with negative removal tended to be smaller events with low influent phosphate concentrations (3.7–39.4 μg/L). Nonroutine maintenance improved the hydraulic performance of the pond perimeter IESF and, after a rinsing event, also improved phosphate retention rates to an average of 45%. There are believed to be at least two reasons for this difference in performance between the two IESFs: First, the traditional IESF was treating agricultural tile drainage with a low particulate phosphorus concentration, while the pond-perimeter IESF had a degrading mat of filamentous algae transported onto the surface, creating a source of phosphate that was not quantified. Second, the pond-perimeter IESF had treated a relatively large volume of water for its size, resulting in substantial flow-through in the filter within 5 years of operation. This is greater than anticipated for an IESF, and may have partially caused the reduction in performance.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Monitoring and Maintenance of Phosphate Adsorbing Filters. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2018, 144, 05017007 .

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Monitoring and Maintenance of Phosphate Adsorbing Filters. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2018; 144 (1):05017007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2018. "Monitoring and Maintenance of Phosphate Adsorbing Filters." Journal of Environmental Engineering 144, no. 1: 05017007.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2017 in Water
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Can iron enhanced sand filtration capture total phosphorus and soluble phosphorus (phosphate) from agricultural tile drainage? A monitoring study measured the total phosphorus and phosphate capture performance of an iron enhanced sand filter (IESF) installed to treat agricultural tile drainage in Wright County, MT, USA. Overall, for natural rainfall-induced tile drainage events monitored between June and November 2015 and again in 2016, the IESF captured 66% ± 7% (α = 0.05, n = 21) of the influent total phosphorus mass and 64% ± 8% (α = 0.05, n = 31) of the influent phosphate mass. Removal of total phosphorus and phosphate was approximately uniform for large and small rainfall-induced tile drainage events and varied from 42% to 95% for total phosphorus and 9% to 87% for phosphate. The IESF treated 290 m of treated depth since installation, and results indicate that performance is similar or better than constructed wetlands or other IESFs, though not as good as laboratory experiments of IESFs. Routine and non-routine maintenance was performed throughout the project to ensure adequate phosphorus capture and flow rate through the IESF.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; John S. Gulliver; Peter T. Weiss. Phosphate Removal from Agricultural Tile Drainage with Iron Enhanced Sand. Water 2017, 9, 672 .

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, John S. Gulliver, Peter T. Weiss. Phosphate Removal from Agricultural Tile Drainage with Iron Enhanced Sand. Water. 2017; 9 (9):672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; John S. Gulliver; Peter T. Weiss. 2017. "Phosphate Removal from Agricultural Tile Drainage with Iron Enhanced Sand." Water 9, no. 9: 672.

Article
Published: 26 January 2017 in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
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Saline melt water from road salt applications that has percolated into a fine sandy soil in winter is rinsed out of the soil by infiltrating rainwater in the following warmer seasons. This sequence of saturated and unsaturated flow processes associated with saline water transport in a fine sandy soil was studied by simulation and exploratory laboratory experiments. Experiments in soil columns of 300-μm sand revealed that two rinses of pure water, each of one pore volume, were sufficient to reduce the salt concentration by 99% of its original value in the soil column. Simulated time variations of salt concentration in the effluent from the column agreed with experimental results. Based on simulated and experimental results, a sandy soil must become saturated to experience pore water flow in order to efficiently rinse saline snowmelt water. Depending on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the soil depth, days, weeks, or months of freshwater infiltration in summer are needed to rinse saline melt water from an unsaturated sandy soil after road salt applications in winter. This explains findings of significant salt concentrations in surface and shallow groundwater during summer months, long after road salt application and infiltration has ceased.

ACS Style

Makoto Higashino; Andrew Erickson; Francesca L. Toledo-Cossu; Scott W. Beauvais; Heinz G. Stefan. Rinsing of Saline Water from Road Salt in a Sandy Soil by Infiltrating Rainfall: Experiments, Simulations, and Implications. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2017, 228, 80 .

AMA Style

Makoto Higashino, Andrew Erickson, Francesca L. Toledo-Cossu, Scott W. Beauvais, Heinz G. Stefan. Rinsing of Saline Water from Road Salt in a Sandy Soil by Infiltrating Rainfall: Experiments, Simulations, and Implications. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2017; 228 (2):80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makoto Higashino; Andrew Erickson; Francesca L. Toledo-Cossu; Scott W. Beauvais; Heinz G. Stefan. 2017. "Rinsing of Saline Water from Road Salt in a Sandy Soil by Infiltrating Rainfall: Experiments, Simulations, and Implications." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 228, no. 2: 80.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Environmental Engineering Science
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Stormwater runoff from urban and agricultural watersheds carries nitrate, which is difficult to remove because it is highly soluble and thought to be relatively inert in abiotic processes such as ion exchange and sorption. Thus, current practice relies on denitrification to capture nitrate in stormwater treatment practices, requiring storage of captured stormwater, anaerobic conditions, and enough residence time for the bacteria to convert nitrate to nitrogen gas. The purpose of this research was to (1) quantify abiotic nitrate removal and removal capacity of two granular activated carbons (GACs), and (2) illustrate use of GACs in stormwater treatment practices. Batch and upflow column experiments found that two commercially available GACs captured nitrate abiotically, although competition between (bi)carbonate and nitrate limited removal of nitrate. Compared with removal of nitrate by denitrification, abiotic capture of nitrate during storm events requires less stormwater storage volume and less residence time to remove nitrate because it accumulates on the media as stormwater passes through the filter. This suggests that nitrate can be removed from stormwater with less storage and smaller treatment practices.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; John Gulliver; William A. Arnold; Cecilie Brekke; Mikal Bredal. Abiotic Capture of Stormwater Nitrates with Granular Activated Carbon. Environmental Engineering Science 2016, 33, 354 -363.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, John Gulliver, William A. Arnold, Cecilie Brekke, Mikal Bredal. Abiotic Capture of Stormwater Nitrates with Granular Activated Carbon. Environmental Engineering Science. 2016; 33 (5):354-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; John Gulliver; William A. Arnold; Cecilie Brekke; Mikal Bredal. 2016. "Abiotic Capture of Stormwater Nitrates with Granular Activated Carbon." Environmental Engineering Science 33, no. 5: 354-363.

Book
Published: 01 January 2013 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance provides the information necessary for developing and operating an effective maintenance program for stormwater treatment. The book offers instructions on how to measure the level of performance of stormwater treatment practices directly and bases proposed maintenance schedules on actual performance and historical maintenance efforts and costs. The inspection methods, which are proven in the field and have been implemented successfully, are necessary as regulatory agencies are demanding evaluations of the performance of stormwater treatment practices. The authors have developed a three-tiered approach that offers readers a standard protocol for how to determine the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practices currently in place. This book also:Provides a standard protocol for how to determine the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practicesAssists readers with identifying which assessment techniques to use for stormwater treatment while also providing instructions on implementation methodsContains a substantial number of examples and case studies to illustrate the use of the methods discussed in the bookOptimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance is an ideal reference and handbook for stormwater professionals.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T Weiss; John S Gulliver. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T Weiss, John S Gulliver. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T Weiss; John S Gulliver. 2013. "Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Assessment of a stormwater treatment practice can be accomplished by visual inspection, testing, or monitoring. The least complex method of assessment is visual inspection, which involves a site visit, inspecting the practice for any evidence of malfunction, and documenting site conditions and results. This chapter presents and discusses key visual indicators of malfunction, such as evidence of erosion, undesired water in the practice, soil and vegetation conditions, and various other indicators.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Visual Inspection of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 53 -76.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Visual Inspection of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():53-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Visual Inspection of Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 53-76.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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If construction or development occurs in a watershed, the area of impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and buildings typically increases, with a corresponding decrease in the area of natural pervious surfaces. The result is an increase in stormwater runoff volumes, peak flow rates, and a degradation of runoff quality. The degradation of runoff quality can be observed in increased concentrations and total mass loads of nutrients and other organics, metals, chlorides, bacteria, viruses, hydrocarbons, and other substances, as well as increases in runoff temperature. The increased loading of these substances to receiving water bodies can be quite detrimental. This chapter discusses the most common contaminants found in urban stormwater runoff, their impacts, and typical concentrations.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Impacts and Composition of Urban Stormwater. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 11 -22.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Impacts and Composition of Urban Stormwater. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():11-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Impacts and Composition of Urban Stormwater." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 11-22.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Countries and organizations around the world are working to reduce stormwater runoff volumes and increase the quality of runoff before it enters receiving water bodies. These efforts have resulted in the development of stormwater treatment practices, designed to retain contaminants such as suspended solids, nutrients, bacteria, metals, and others. The stormwater treatment practices are designed to perform at a certain level of treatment, but, over time, the performance level will decline due to factors such as clogging with sediment, reaching some finite contaminant storage capacity, excessive vegetative growth, and a host of other factors.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Introduction. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Introduction. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Introduction." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 1-10.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Without maintenance, the performance of any stormwater treatment practice will decline over time until it reaches an unacceptable level. Thus, every stormwater management plan should include an estimated schedule for maintenance activities, and funds should be budgeted to support this schedule. This chapter provides recommendations for maintenance activities based on the treatment practice and assessment results and also presents typical suggested corresponding frequencies of such activities. In addition, this chapter provides the results of a maintenance activity survey, again grouped by the type of practice, that offers insights on typical issues that trigger the need for maintenance, maintenance complexity, and maintenance frequency.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Maintenance of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 265 -283.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Maintenance of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():265-283.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Maintenance of Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 265-283.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Stormwater treatment practices may reduce runoff volumes, contaminant concentrations, and/or the total contaminant mass load carried by runoff into receiving water bodies. Processes used by treatment practices include physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration, and infiltration, along with thermal, biological, and chemical processes. A single treatment practice may use multiple processes.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Stormwater Treatment Processes. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 23 -34.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Stormwater Treatment Processes. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():23-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Stormwater Treatment Processes." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 23-34.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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In order to determine influent and effluent contaminant loads or concentrations and treatment practice performance, assessment efforts often include stormwater runoff sampling. Depending on the water quality parameter of interest, sampling can be done in situ, by grab samples, or by automatic sampling devices. Samples can also be collected on a time-weighted basis (equal time between samples) or on a flow-weighted basis (equal volume of flow passing the sampling site between samples). This chapter discusses available sampling methods and when and how to implement a particular method, and discusses the number of sampled events required to achieve a desired confidence interval. Also included is a discussion of sample storage and handling is also included.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Water Sampling Methods. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 163 -192.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Water Sampling Methods. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():163-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Water Sampling Methods." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 163-192.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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A stormwater treatment practice can be assessed by testing, which involves making a series of measurements under conditions that are not a result of a natural runoff event. Capacity testing involves either the measurement of sediment surface elevations within a stormwater treatment practice or making measurements to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil within the practice. This chapter discusses how capacity testing can be applied to various stormwater treatment practices and also includes examples demonstrating how the obtained data can be used to schedule maintenance. The chapter concludes with a case study involving the assessment of infiltration rates in a bioinfiltration practice (i.e., rain garden).

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Capacity Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 77 -91.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Capacity Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():77-91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Capacity Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 77-91.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Synthetic runoff testing involves filling a stormwater treatment practice with water from a fire hydrant, water truck, or other available water source. Thus, synthetic runoff testing is limited to smaller practices. This chapter presents details related to using a water source to fill a practice, including determining if the water source is adequate and estimating the time it will take to fill the practice to a desired level. Analysis methods related to obtaining infiltration capacities and contaminant removal performance are given, as are examples, and a case study of synthetic runoff testing applied to an underground sedimentation practice.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Synthetic Runoff Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 93 -119.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Synthetic Runoff Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():93-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Synthetic Runoff Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 93-119.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Performing a water budget on a stormwater treatment practice is often necessary when assessing a practice. A water budget measures or estimates all the flow rates entering and exiting the practice as a function of time and/or the total water volumes entering and exiting the practice through various pathways. If all pathways are measured accurately, the total volume of water entering the practice less the total volume of water leaving the practice should be equal to the change in water storage within the practice. If the water volume leaving the practice via a single pathway (e.g., infiltration) is not measured, a water budget can be used to estimate this volume. This chapter discusses possible modes of water flow into and out of stormwater practices that must be considered when performing a water budget. These modes include precipitation directly on the practice, infiltration into surrounding soil, evaporation and evapotranspiration, open channel flow, and full conduit flow. Techniques for measuring the flow rate of each mode are presented, discussed in detail (with examples, where beneficial), and compared. Recommendations are made regarding preferred measurement methods based on site conditions.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Water Budget Measurement. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 137 -162.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Water Budget Measurement. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():137-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Water Budget Measurement." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 137-162.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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The water or soil samples of any stormwater treatment practice assessment effort must be analyzed in order to provide useful information. Depending on the characteristic to be determined, one or more analytical method may be available or required. This chapter introduces and discusses the most common soil and water parameters used in stormwater management and offers guidance to help the user select the most appropriate analytical method and incorporate precision and bias through a quality assurance/control program.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Analysis of Water and Soils. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 193 -214.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Analysis of Water and Soils. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():193-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Analysis of Water and Soils." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 193-214.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Common stormwater treatment practices include wet ponds, dry ponds, infiltration basins and trenches, constructed wetlands, permeable pavements, and others. In preparation for the remaining chapters, which focus on the assessment and maintenance of these stormwater treatment practices, this chapter introduces and briefly discusses each of the practices covered in this book, which are categorized by their primary operating process (i.e., sedimentation, filtration, biological, etc.) as defined in Chap. 3.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 35 -51.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():35-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 35-51.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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Monitoring, the most comprehensive level of assessment, is achieved by collecting and analyzing influent and effluent runoff samples and/or measuring influent and effluent flow rates as a function of time over the course of one or more natural runoff events. Monitoring, which is not limited by the size of the stormwater treatment practice, can be used to assess the performance of a practice with regard to reduction in contaminant load or concentration and reduction of runoff volume. This chapter discusses and explains the techniques of monitoring and how to carry out a monitoring program for various stormwater treatment practices. It also provides guidance about which stormwater treatment practices are best suited for monitoring and which are not. It ends with a case study of a monitoring effort on a dry detention pond.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Monitoring of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 121 -135.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Monitoring of Stormwater Treatment Practices. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():121-135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Monitoring of Stormwater Treatment Practices." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 121-135.

Book chapter
Published: 29 October 2012 in Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices
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To assess the performance of a stormwater treatment practice, data and/or samples must be collected, samples must be analyzed, and all data, including the results of the sample analysis, must be analyzed. Previous chapters covered how to measure water budget components, collect samples, and analyze the samples to determine relevant water and soil parameters. This chapter discusses and provides examples regarding how to analyze all data to determine the performance level of the practice, including parameters such as sediment capacity and removal, metal and nutrient removal, overall effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, time required for a practice to drain or infiltrate a desired volume of runoff, and others. Incorporating uncertainty of the results is also included.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. Data Analysis. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices 2012, 215 -263.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver. Data Analysis. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices. 2012; ():215-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Erickson; Peter T. Weiss; John S. Gulliver. 2012. "Data Analysis." Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices , no. : 215-263.