The Silica, primarily sourced from silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a common chemical compound abundant in nature, existing in various forms such as quartz, sand, glass, and diverse minerals. It finds extensive use across multiple industries, contributing significantly to glassmaking, ceramics, abrasives, refractory materials, and serving as a crucial component in semiconductor production for electronic chips. This work provides a comprehensive review of the silica elaboration process aimed at obtaining silicon. The initial stage involves the preparation of raw materials, utilizing Algerian sand and diatomite, which undergo meticulous chemical treatment to eliminate unwanted impurities. This method comprises distinct steps, known as the purification process, wherein the sand or diatomite shell is assessed through dissolution in a caustic alkaline solution. This approach indicates the potential to generate high-quality silica from diatomite using an aqueous chemical process. This paper explores the prospect of sand or diatomaceous earth as a novel source of premium-grade silica. It discusses the effects of hydrochloric acid as a solvent for purification. This study contrasts treatment methods before and after acid leaching, focusing on samples with larger particle sizes (ranging from 53 to 300 microns), shorter refining durations (1 to 6 hours), and relatively higher temperatures (30 °C to 70 °C). The findings reveal that the highest purity of silica was attained through HCl treatment (25%).

Silicon, primarily derived from silica, plays a crucial role in creating glass, ceramics, and heat-resistant materials, making it indispensable across various industrial sectors. Moreover, it is fundamental in the manufacturing of semiconductors and electronic components. The main goal of our project is to study diatomite, particularly from Algerian deposits, such as western diatomite in order to extract silicon to achieve this, we will conduct experiments using electron microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). These analyses highlight the significance of chemical methods in silicon extraction. Our focus is primarily on improving our study by examining the impact of various parameters, notably the use of acid cleansings, on the final product. These parameters are chosen based on the complex chemical reactions governing the aggregation of silica particles in the solution.

The objective of our work is to provide an advantage for designing new, more efficient sensors using undoped ZnO nanowires. Nanostructures based on ZnO have demonstrated improved sensor performance, thanks to their excellent chemical and thermal stability, as evidenced by their high melting temperature. We have utilized the Schottky defect model to simulate the behavior of free carriers in ZnO semiconductors. Additionally, we have investigated the theoretical model of oxygen molecule adsorption and desorption. Furthermore, we have examined the adsorption of reducing gases, with acetone gas being used as an example. By employing the Comsol software, we have discovered that the solid–gas interaction is significantly reduced at a temperature of 295 °C for ZnO nanowires compared to bulk ZnO, which typically requires a temperature of 500 °C. This reduction can be attributed to the predominant behavior of the side surfaces (101$\stackrel{-}{ 0}$) in ZnO nanostructures, as well as the lower activation energy of these surfaces compared to the (0002) surfaces. These ZnO nanowire nanostructures provide numerous active and thermodynamically favorable surfaces for the adsorption of reducing gases. The simulation method using Comsol is one of the means to achieve improved design and offer optimal device operation.

Our objective is to present a valuable contribution towards designing more efficient sensors using undoped ZnO nanofils. The utilization of nanostructures based on ZnO has led to significant enhancements in sensor performance, due to the excellent chemical and thermal stability exhibited at its high melting temperature, our work, we focused on modeling the behavior of ZnO semiconductors by employing the Schottky defect model as a source of free carriers. Specifically, we examined the theoretical model of oxygen molecule adsorption and desorption. We explored two types of molecules responsible for adsorbing reducing gases, taking acetone gas as an example. Through the use of the COMSOL software, we found that the interaction between the solid and gas occurs at a considerably lower temperature of 295 °C, compared to ZnO thin films, which typically require temperatures as high as 500 °C. This outcome can be attributed to the behavior of ZnO nanostructures, where the influence of side surfaces (1010) is predominant, along with their lower activation energy compared to (0002) surfaces. These ZnO nanofils exhibit numerous active and thermodynamically favorable surfaces, which facilitate the adsorption of reducing gases. Employing simulation methods, such as COMSOL, offers an effective approach for achieving an optimal device design, thereby ensuring superior device performance. This research demonstrates the potential of using undoped ZnO nanofils for the development of highly efficient sensors with enhanced operational characteristics.

The objective of our work was to study the behavior of glass that is subjected to electronic bombing. In the context of this work, we first studied theoretically the establishment of electrons in a material—in this case, glass. We postponed the penetration of the electrons according to their acceleration and the density of the material, then we established the electric field within the material according to the fluence, thus referring to the conditions enabling the destruction of the material. However, for some materials this breakdown depends on several parameters. In the second step of the study we were interested in the realization of an electron cannon to provide a bundle of focused and energetic electrons; more precisely, we discuss this on basis of the practical design. In this instrument, the electrons are accelerated under high tension. We chose to postpone in this work the thermal current as a function of the tension, and we subsequently discuss the assembly chosen.