A series of isoniazid derivatives bearing a phenolic or heteroaromatic coupled frame were obtained by mechanochemical means. Their pH stability and their structural (conformer/isomer) analysis were checked. The activity of prepared derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell growth was evaluated. Some compounds such as phenolic hydrazine 1a and almost all heteroaromatic ones, especially 2, 5 and 7, are more active than isoniazid, and their activity against some M. tuberculosis MDR clinical isolates was determined. Compounds 1a and 7 present a selectivity index >1400 evaluated on MRC5 human fibroblast cells. The mechanism of action of selected hydrazones was demonstrated to block mycolic acid synthesis due to InhA inhibition inside the mycobacterial cell.

A series of hydrazones, as potential therapeutic agents, were successfully synthesized in a vibratory ball-mill from various substituted organic hydrazines and phenol aldehydes. The degree of conversion was increased by high electronic density on the amino group of the hydrazine reactant, as well as low steric hindrance around both reactive sites. In this particular case, the flexibility of the chain bearing the amino reactive site of hydrazine was highlighted as a factor influencing the reaction rate. The results showed that hydrazones could be obtained with more than a 99% transformation, without concurring by-products. This is highly adapted to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, requiring a high level of purity. Owing to the fact that neither an environmentally unadvisable reagent nor additives or catalysts were added to achieve the transformation, this synthesis provides a good example and a prefiguration of an efficient green pharmaceutical process.

Green Chemistry has become in the last two decades an increasing part of research interest. Nonconventional «green» sources for chemical reactions include micro-wave, mechanical mixing, visible light and ultrasound. 1,2,3-triazoles have important applications in pharmaceutical chemistry while their 1,2,4 counterparts are developed to a lesser extent. In the review presented here we will focus on synthesis of 1,2,3 and 1,2,4-triazole systems by means of classical and « green chemistry » conditions involving ultrasound chemistry and mechanochemistry. The focus will be on compounds/scaffolds that possess biological/pharmacophoric properties. Finally, we will also present the formal cycloreversion of 1,2,3-triazole compounds under mechanical forces and its potential use in biological systems.