The spatial arrangement of the internal pores inside several fragments of ancient cast iron cauldrons related to the medieval Golden Horde period was studied using the neutron tomography method. The high neutron penetration into a cast iron material provides sufficient data for detailed analysis of the three-dimensional imaging data. The size, elongation, and orientation distributions of the observed internal pores were obtained. As discussed, the imaging and quantitative analytical data are considered structural markers for the location of cast iron foundries, as well as a feature of the medieval casting process.

Nondestructive structural methods of neutron diffraction and neutron tomography have been used to study he phase composition and spatial distribution of chemical components in the bulk of a bronze zoomorphic bear-shaped pommel. The pommel, which belongs to the Ananyino cultural and historical region dated 1st millennium BCE, was found close to the Pekunovsky settlement near Dubna, Moscow oblast. Studies have shown that the zoomorphic ornamentation, which was made of tin bronze, contains two main crystalline phases: bronze and cuprite Cu₂O. The reconstructed neutron tomographic data revealed the uneven distribution of phase components within the bulk of the pommel, which may be indicative of the deep bulk penetration of corrosion products, copper cuprite. The volumetric contents of bronze and corrosion have been obtained, and the concentration of tin in the bronze alloy has been calculated.

The spatial arrangement, size distribution, and shape of internal pores in several archaeological ceramic vessels from the Akterek burial site at Zhambyl District of Almaty Region, Republic of Kazakhstan were studied using neutron tomography. The internal pores were segmented from the obtained neutron data and the porosity value for the ancient ceramic samples was calculated. Analysis of the structural tomography data showed that the ceramic materials contained a large number of relatively small pores, with an average diameter less than 1.5 mm, while some ceramic objects had larger pores or cavities exceeding 2 mm in diameter. In addition, there are differences in the morphological parameters of large and small pores. It was suggested that these large pores formed as a result of temperature changes during the firing of the pottery ceramics. The relative shifting of Raman peaks in the carbon group in amorphous carbon, as an indicator of the firing temperature of ceramic materials, confirms this assumption.

We studied the structural features in internal pores and mineral inclusions of several vessels from the Shubarat-1 archeological site in the Republic of Kazakhstan, dating to the late first millennium BC, using neutron tomography. Differences in the neutron attenuation coefficients of the constituent elements of pottery objects, as well as the high penetration capability of neutron tomography, make it possible to conduct non-destructive studies of rare ceramic vessels. By analyzing the three-dimensional tomography data, we can reconstruct the size and morphological parameters of internal pores and minerals. Based on these structural findings, we can clarify past pottery production processes.