Epidemiological surveillance involves systematic gathering, analysis, interpretation, and sharing of health data, with the goal of preventing and controlling diseases

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease that affects all the homeotherms, including humans, and is caused by the Rabies virus of Rhabdoviridae family. Every year, this disease kills about 55,000 individuals globally. The stray dog is a key player in the spread of rabies. The disease is usually transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. After being exposed to the virus, the virus must travel to the brain before generating symptoms. Delirium, unusual behaviour, hallucinations, hydrophobia and insomnia may occur as the condition advances. Diagnostic tests such as direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT), lateral flow assay (LFA), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nuclear sequencing, etc. are used in diagnosis of this dreadful disease. The genotype and lineage of the rabies virus can be determined via N gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. There is no effective treatment for rabies. Even though a tiny number of people have survived rabies, the disease is usually fatal. Rabies can be completely avoided in people if they receive timely and adequate medical treatment. Vaccinating and sterilising the dogs in our neighbourhoods effectively and humanely limit their population and eliminate rabies in both dogs and humans.

The safety of meat from a microbiological standpoint is of paramount concern to public health, given the potential for bacterial contaminants to grow and persist during processing and storage. To address this issue, a culture-independent approach targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was utilized to investigate the inherent bacterial communities present in 10 chicken meat samples obtained from retail markets. Amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and unique amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified using the DADA2 pipeline. Results indicated the presence of 5 phyla, 7 classes, 16 orders, 33 families, 59 genera, and 273 unique ASVs. The dominant families were Flavobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Wohlfahrtiimonadaceae, Morganellaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae, comprising 27.03%, 22.04%, 15.67%, 9.40%, 7.92%, and 5.02% of the identified families, respectively. Functional analysis using PICRUSt showed a diverse range of functional pathways. These findings have significant implications for policymaking regarding food safety and public health. Regular monitoring of bacterial communities in meat products is crucial to ensure their safety for consumption. This study demonstrates the utility of culture-independent approaches in characterizing microbial communities, which can provide valuable information for ensuring food safety and safeguarding public health.

Bacteria of the genus Brucella cause brucellosis, one of the world’s neglected zoonotic diseases. The infection of the disease cause lifetime sterility in human beings. In recent time, there is an in-infection rates between and within the species. Lacking in the resources, poor management and lack of awareness are major factors in the spread of the disease. Abortion in the last trimester is a predominant sign, of the disease in cattle. Besides this, reduced milk yield and high temperature is also observed in the affected animals, while in humans it is characterized by undulant fever, general malaise, and arthritis. While the clinical picture of brucellosis in humans and cattle is not clear and often misleading. In this review, several aspects of management, diagnosis, control, treatment, and preventive aspects are reviewed.