In the current study, clove oil nanoemulsion (CL-nanoemulsion) and emulsion (CL-emulsion) were prepared through an ecofriendly method. The prepared CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM), where results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 32.67 nm in size and spherical in shape, while CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 225.8 nm with a spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion was carried out using a microbroth dilution method. Results revealed that the preferred CL-nanoemulsion had minimal MIC values between 0.31 and 5 mg/mL. The antibiofilm efficacy of CL-nanoemulsion against S. aureus significantly decreased the development of biofilm compared with CL-emulsion. Furthermore, results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion showed antifungal activity significantly higher than CL-emulsion. Moreover, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion exhibited outstanding antifungal efficiency toward Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus where MICs were 12.5, 3.12, 0.78, 1.56, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion was analyzed for its antineoplastic effects through a modified MTT assay for evaluating apoptotic and cytotoxic effects using HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed the lowest IC₅₀ values (3.4-fold) in CL-nanoemulsion relative to that of CL-emulsion. Thus, CL-nanoemulsion induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inducing caspase-8 and -9 activity and suppressing VEGFR-2. In conclusion, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as transformative tools in modern drug delivery, offering unparalleled potential in enhancing the efficacy and safety of various therapeutics. In the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disabling autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, joint damage, and limited patient mobility, LNPs hold significant promise for revolutionizing treatment strategies. LNPs offer several advantages over traditional drug delivery systems, including improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced tissue penetration, and reduced systemic toxicity. This article concisely summarizes the pathogenesis of RA, its associated risk factors, and therapeutic techniques and their challenges. Additionally, it highlights the noteworthy advancements made in managing RA through LNPs, including liposomes, niosomes, bilosomes, cubosomes, spanlastics, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid micelles, lipid nanocapsules, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. It also delves into the specific functional attributes of these nanocarrier systems, focusing on their role in treating and monitoring RA.

Animal-derived xenogeneic biomaterials utilized in different surgeries are promising for various applications in tissue engineering. However, tissue decellularization is necessary to attain a bioactive extracellular matrix (ECM) that can be safely transplanted. The main objective of the present study is to assess the structural integrity, biocompatibility, and potential use of various acellular biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Hence, a bovine pericardium (BP), porcine pericardium (PP), and porcine tunica vaginalis (PTV) were decellularized using a Trypsin, Triton X (TX), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Trypsin + TX + SDS) protocol. The results reveal effective elimination of the cellular antigens with preservation of the ECM integrity confirmed via staining and electron microscopy. The elasticity of the decellularized PP (DPP) was markedly (p < 0.0001) increased. The tensile strength of DBP, and DPP was not affected after decellularization. All decellularized tissues were biocompatible with persistent growth of the adipose stem cells over 30 days. The staining confirmed cell adherence either to the peripheries of the materials or within their matrices. Moreover, the in vivo investigation confirmed the biocompatibility and degradability of the decellularized scaffolds. Conclusively, Trypsin + TX + SDS is a successful new protocol for tissue decellularization. Moreover, decellularized pericardia and tunica vaginalis are promising scaffolds for the engineering of different tissues with higher potential for the use of DPP in cardiovascular applications and DBP and DPTV in the reconstruction of higher-stress-bearing abdominal walls.