Purpose: The effects of meteorological parameters on stroke occurrence remain debated. The aim of the study was to assess the association between meteorological parameters and ischemic stroke onset in cold seasons in Tianjin. Patients and Methods: Patients with acute ischemic stroke (946) were identified by standard sampling from one stroke unit in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China, from 10/1/2014 to 4/30/2019. Generalized linear Poisson regression models were used to explore the effect of meteorological parameters (air temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity) on daily ischemic stroke onset after adjusting for air pollutants, day of week, and public holiday. Results: The results showed that ischemic stroke onset was positively associated with the diurnal variation of temperature (β coefficient: 0.020, 95% CI [0.001, 0.038] p< 0.05). Significant positive correlation between ischemic stroke onset and barometric pressure (mean, minimum) was found (β coefficient: 0.010, 95% CI [0.001,0.019] p< 0.05; 0.010, 95% CI [0.001,0.019] p< 0.05). The subgroup analysis considering age and gender difference showed that the older and the female were more vulnerable to weather conditions. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that there was a measurable effect of weather parameters on daily ischemic stroke onset in colder seasons, suggesting that meteorological variables may, at least in part, play as risk factors for ischemic stroke onset, especially for the aging and female population.

Enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization and advancing fertilizer reduction efforts constitutes a pivotal initiative for augmenting the quality and productivity of the citrus industry; this constitutes an indispensable prerequisite for attaining green and sustainable development. Utilizing panel data from seven prominent mandarin-producing regions and seven prominent tangerine-producing regions in China spanning from 2002 to 2022, this study employed the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method to develop a translog production function model for precisely measuring the fertilizer use efficiency for mandarins and tangerines. Employing the calculated optimal fertilizer use rates, we further ascertained the fertilizer reduction potential for mandarin and tangerine; then, we estimated the associated carbon emission reduction potential within these key citrus regions. The research revealed the following findings: the overall level of citrus fertilizer use efficiency in China is comparatively low, with the mean values for mandarin and tangerine fertilizer use efficiency being merely 0.4403 and 0.3887, respectively, indicating substantial room for improvement by approximately 60%; substantial potential exists for decreasing fertilizer use in China’s citrus industry, with average reduction potentials of 66.27% for mandarins and 64.83% for tangerines, signifying a notable redundancy in fertilizer application within major citrus-producing areas. The magnitude of carbon emission reduction potential through the diminution of citrus fertilizer use is tremendous. When optimal fertilizer rates are applied, the average carbon emission reductions resulting from fertilizer reduction in mandarins and tangerines amount to 815.8681 kg/hm² and 602.3551 kg/hm², respectively. The average carbon reduction potential for mandarins and tangerines reach levels of 55.9673% and 61.1299%, respectively, both surpassing the threshold of 55%. Significant differences exist in the technical efficiency of fertilizer input, reduction potential, and carbon emission mitigation potential among major citrus-producing regions. Citrus orchards in Guangdong exhibit higher potential for fertilizer reduction but demonstrate a relatively low level of technical efficiency. In contrast, Hunan Province shows an opposite trend, necessitating the development of region-specific strategies. Therefore, to minimize citrus fertilizer use and augment the technical efficiency of citrus fertilizer, it is imperative to comprehensively integrate and promote the “three new” technologies aimed at reducing fertilizer use and enhancing its efficiency within the citrus industry; implement a regional coordinated development strategy for citrus fertilizer reduction; and intensify policy guidance, publicity, and training efforts related to citrus fertilizer reduction, efficiency enhancement, and carbon emissions reduction.

In this study, the DEA–Malmquist index method was used to measure the total factor productivity of citrus in seven major mandarin-producing provinces and seven major tangerine-producing provinces in China from 2006 to 2020. Moran’s I index was used to test the spatial correlation of total factor productivity of mandarin and tangerine, and its σ convergence and β convergence characteristics were explored using coefficient of variation and spatial panel models. The results show that from the perspective of time series evolution, the growth rate of total factor productivity of mandarin and tangerine in China slowed down year by year after reaching the maximum value in 2008. Technological progress was the main factor affecting the total factor productivity of citrus. The total factor productivity growth of tangerine was more stable than that of mandarin, and the pure technical efficiency index and scale efficiency change index of mandarin and tangerine were not stable. From the perspective of regional differences, the total factor productivity of China’s main citrus-producing provinces all indicated positive growth, showing an increasing trend from east to west. The drivers of growth were mainly technological progress and scale efficiency. The regional differences in total factor productivity growth for mandarin were more obvious than for tangerine. The total factor productivity of mandarin and tangerine showed obvious spatial correlation characteristics; the positive spatial spillover effect was significant; and there were σ convergence, absolute β convergence, and conditional β convergence. Regional disparities in citrus industry development can be more objectively reflected by convergence analysis that takes spatial factors, economic and social factors, and other factors into account.

In the context of increasingly severe resource and environmental constraints, examining the impact of citrus industry agglomeration on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of citrus is of great importance for the sustainable development of the citrus industry and is crucial for promoting the green, high-quality growth of China’s agricultural sector. In this study, the global Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index (GMLPI) model was used to measure the GTFP of mandarins and tangerines based on inter-provincial panel data from China’s major citrus-producing regions between 2007 and 2022. The dynamic spatial Durbin model was employed to empirically analyze the effects of citrus industry agglomeration on the GTFP of mandarins and tangerines, including the disaggregation of its spatial spillover effects. The results indicate that, in terms of temporal dynamics, the GTFP, technical progress index (GTC), and technical efficiency index (GEC) of mandarins and tangerines significantly fluctuated, especially during the period from 2007 to 2015. Regional disparities in GTFP and the GTC are more pronounced for mandarins than for tangerines, while the GEC shows greater regional disparities for tangerines than for mandarins. The intensification of citrus industry agglomeration has had a significant positive impact on the GTFP of mandarins and tangerines, both locally and in neighboring regions. The spatial correlation of the green total factor productivity of mandarins and tangerines fluctuated; mandarins showed significant spatial aggregation in some years, while tangerines showed significant spatial dispersion in several years. The local Moran scatterplot further reveals the significant negative spatial autocorrelation of mandarin and tangerine green total factor productivity from 2007 to 2022. The direct, indirect, and total effects of citrus industry agglomeration on the GTFP of mandarins and tangerines are significant and positive in both the short- and long-term, with short-term benefits exceeding long-term effects. Consequently, enhancing regional cooperation and exchange while advancing citrus industry agglomeration is essential for sustained productivity growth.

Agricultural green development is an essential pathway to achieving comprehensive agricultural and rural modernization and holds significant importance for ensuring national food, resource, and ecological security. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China during 2004–2022, this study employed the super-efficiency SBM-GML model, the modified gravity model, social network analysis (SNA), and the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression model to systematically analyze the spatial association network characteristics and driving mechanisms of agricultural green development in China. The results showed that (1) the number of spatial linkages in interprovincial agricultural green development had been increasing, with the network exhibiting strong connectivity, stability, and accessibility. (2) Major grain-producing areas and economically developed regions along the eastern coast had become the driving sources of spatial spillovers in agricultural green development. Meanwhile, the central and western regions acted as “brokers” in facilitating the reception and transfer of resources within the overall network, while municipalities such as Tianjin and Shanghai exhibited siphon effects on other regions. (3) Geographical proximity, government fiscal support, rural labor force size, progress in green technologies, and the agricultural economic development level significantly enhanced the spatial spillover effects of agricultural green development. However, regional disparities in agricultural industrial structures served as a key obstacle to realizing these spillover effects.

In this study, the transcendental logarithmic cost function model was used to measure the rate of technological progress in seven major mandarin-producing regions and seven major tangerine-producing regions in China from 2006 to 2021. The modified gravity model was used to establish spatial correlation networks. The social network analysis method was used to analyze the characteristics of the overall network structure and the individual network structure of the spatial correlation networks of citrus-production technology progress, and the quadratic assignment procedure was used to analyze the factors influencing the spatial network. The results show the production of Chinese mandarins and tangerines is in the stage of technological progress in general, but the rate of progress is slowing down gradually, and the rate of mandarin-production technology progress is higher than that of tangerine-production technology progress. In terms of the overall network structure characteristics, the spatial networks of technological progress related to Chinese mandarin and tangerine production are becoming increasingly dense and complex, with obvious spatial spillover effects, but the network structure is relatively loose, and the polarization of the tangerine network is more serious. In terms of individual network structure characteristics, the relatively economically developed eastern regions have a higher status in terms of the spatial correlation network and a stronger role in controlling and dominating the resource elements needed for citrus-production technology progress. Education, informatization, economic development, innovation support, and financial support are important factors influencing the formation of the spatial association network of citrus-production technology progress in China.