The accumulation of discarded mollusk shells has occupied a large land area and caused severe environmental pollution problems. Discarded mollusk shells are mainly composed of calcium carbonate and therefore can be used for the removal of heavy metals from the contaminated aquatic environment. Theoretically, shells with a smaller powder size have a higher adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions. However, the agglomeration and the outflow of small particles limit the applications of mollusk shells in water treatment practices. To overcome the shortcomings of mollusk shells in heavy metals adsorptions, a polymer composite material comprising poly (vinyl alcohol)/oyster shell powder (PVA-OSP) was prepared with the solution casting method for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. The structures and the heavy metal adsorption properties of the oyster shell powder (OSP) and the composite PVA-OSP were studied and compared. Analysis results of XRD and FT-IR showed a successful combination of OSP and PVA by a chemical cross-linking modified with sodium silicate. The composite PVA-OSP has good thermal stability for common adsorption processes. The adsorption results showed that the adsorption capacity of the PVA-OSP composite for both Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was much higher than that of the OSP. The adsorptions of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the OSP followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model as well as the Temkin and Freundlich isotherm model. Comparatively, the adsorptions of heavy metal cations on the PVA-OSP followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model as well as the Temkin and Langmuir isotherm model. In conclusion, this study showed that the PVA-OSP composite materials may be useful in the treatment of wastewater polluted by heavy metals.

Protected areas (PAs) are an important estate for sustainable development. Children in PAs are of particular concern, as they are potential future stakeholders of this estate, yet they may be the ones affected the most by the conservation and development programs in PAs. However, knowledge on children in PAs has been very limited, which threatens the probability of the success of both nature conservation and sustainable development. In this paper, we present the findings from a questionnaire survey targeted at schoolchildren in China’s PAs. Our sample consisted of 41 primary schools across China. We looked at 22 indexes of the sample, inferred the conditions in the whole PAs using an exact binomial test, and compared them with those in other rural or urban areas in China. We found that schoolchildren in PAs are substantially disadvantaged in terms of many indexes, both in school and at home. We discuss possible reasons, link these results to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and discuss some policy implications. With this preliminary study, we hope to stimulate additional research on the conditions of children in PAs and their potential implications for sustainable development.