During the last few years, learning techniques have changed, both in basic education and in higher education. This change has been accompanied by new technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (AR). The combination of these technologies in education has allowed a greater immersion, positively affecting the learning and teaching processes. In addition, since the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend has been growing due to the diversity of the different fields of application of these technologies, such as heterogeneity in their combination and their different experiences. It is necessary to review the state of the art to determine the effectiveness of the application of these technologies in the field of university higher education. In the present paper, this aim is achieved by performing a systematic literature review from 2012 to 2022. A total of 129 papers were analyzed. Studies in our review concluded that the application of AR/VR improves learning immersion, especially in hospitality, medicine, and science studies. However, there are also negative effects of using these technologies, such as visual exhaustion and mental fatigue.

This study offers a systematic literature review on the application of Convolutional Neural Networks in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, and Extended Reality technologies. We categorise these applications into three primary classifications: interaction, where the networks amplify user engagements with virtual and augmented settings; creation, showcasing the networks’ ability to assist in producing high-quality visual representations; and execution, emphasising the optimisation and adaptability of apps across diverse devices and situations. This research serves as a comprehensive guide for academics, researchers, and professionals in immersive technologies, offering profound insights into the cross-disciplinary realm of network applications in these realities. Additionally, we underscore the notable contributions concerning these realities and their intersection with neural networks.

This perspective article argues that hyperparameters such as learning rate, batch size, numerical precision, and training workers are key determinants of energy scalability in CNN training. These parameters directly influence convergence dynamics, hardware utilization, and training duration, leading to substantially different energy profiles even when comparable accuracy is achieved. Moreover, hyperparameter search itself introduces a significant cumulative energy cost, often exceeding that of the final selected model. By analyzing the interaction between convergence behavior and energy consumption, this work highlights the need to treat energy as an explicit scalability metric and to integrate energy-aware considerations into hyperparameter optimization. Adopting this perspective enables more efficient, sustainable, and reproducible training practices for large-scale image processing models.

Server consolidation through virtualization is the primary strategy for optimizing data centres, aiming to maximize server efficiency and reduce costs. However, the long-term success of this strategy is compromised by three interconnected factors: virtualization overhead, the difficulty of modelling representative workloads with dependencies, and scalability limitations. This perspective article argues that scalability in consolidated environments is not a hardware problem, but rather a systems engineering problem, requiring a deep understanding of the interactions and constraints imposed by hypervisor overhead.