Rhodium(III)-catalyzed direct functionalization of C–H bonds under oxidative conditions leading to C–C, C–N, and C–O bond formation is reviewed. Various arene substrates bearing nitrogen and oxygen directing groups are covered in their coupling with unsaturated partners such as alkenes and alkynes. The facile construction of C–E (E = C, N, S, or O) bonds makes Rh(III) catalysis an attractive step-economic approach to value-added molecules from readily available starting materials. Comparisons and contrasts between rhodium(III) and palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling are made. The remarkable diversity of structures accessible is demonstrated with various recent examples, with a proposed mechanism for each transformation being briefly summarized (critical review, 138 references).

This review summarizes the recent advances in fabrication strategies and versatile applications of lignin-derived biodegradable film materials from the viewpoint of sustainable development.