Differentiated thyroid cancer Дифференцированный рак щитовидной железы

The preoperative diagnostics of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), including the measuring of the blood calcitonin level, has a number of limitations. Particular focus has recently been placed on the role of miRNAs in the development of various malignant tumors; a comparative analysis of accuracy of the existing methods for MTC diagnosis with a novel diagnosis method, evaluation of the miRNA-375 expression level, was performed in this study. The expression level of miRNA-375 in cytology samples from 555 patients with the known histological diagnosis, including 41 patients with confirmed postoperative diagnosis of MTC, was assessed. The diagnostic parameters of the basal calcitonin level, calcitonin in wash-out fluid from the FNAB needle, and miRNA-375 were compared. An assessment of the miRNA-375 expression level made it possible to detect all the MTC samples with a 100% accuracy among all the 555 cytology specimens, as well as in non-informative FNAB specimens, and specimens from the ipsilateral thyroid lobe. Parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 100%. The miRNA-375 level, unlike calcitonin, does not correlate with tumor volume, so it does not have the so-called “gray zone”. An assessment of the miRNA-375 expression allows one to accurately distinguish MTC from other malignant and benign thyroid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is characterized by bilateral benign adrenocortical lesions, which in some cases lead to Cushing syndrome (CS). Due to the low detection, non-specific, erased clinical picture and slow, long-term progression, it is difficult to assess the true prevalence of PBMAH. This also leads to fairly limited literature data. A detailed analysis of biochemical, imaging parameters, the clinical presentations, in particular, an assessment of the course of comorbidities (arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes (DM), osteoporosis), is necessary to develop an algorithm for managing patients with PBMAH.AIM: Analysis of clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with various forms of PBMAH.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study was carried out. This study included 110 patients with PBMAH who got referred to the National Research Center for Endocrinology in the period from 2013–2023. We carried out comparative and correlation analysis of hormonal (plasma cortisol concentrations after 1 mg dexamethasone (1-mg DST), urinary free cortisol (СКМ), ACTH), biochemical (glycated hemoglobin), radiological data (nodular tissue volume), course of comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, DM, AH, osteoporosis) in three groups of patients: with overt CS, mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE) and comorbid diseases, and patients with PBMAH without hormonal activity.RESULTS: Among 110 patients 79.1% were women, median age — 60 [51; 68]. The proportion of hormonally inactive forms of PBMAH was 37.3%, the overt CS and MACE was detected in 25.4 and 37.3% consequently. According to the hormonal ­examination data: the cortisol level during 1-mg DST was 173.8 nmol/l [86.0; 441.0], ACTH — 3.35 pg/ml [1.00; 8.00], СКМ — 445.5 [249.0; 900.0]. Statistically significant positive moderate correlations were found between the volume of nodular tissue and the level of cortisol after PDT1 (r=0.40, p<0.001), СКМ (r=0.29, p<0.004), as well as a negative moderate correlation between the volume and the level of ACTH (r=-0.40, p<0.001). When analyzing the prevalence and clinical severity of comorbid conditions, DM was diagnosed in 22 (53.7%), AH in 36 (87.8%), obesity and osteoporosis — 23 (56%) and 3 (7.3%) patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of CS-associated diseases among the above groups (p=0.56).CONCLUSION: PBMAH is a heterogeneous pathology with different clinical, hormonal, and imaging characteristics. A correlation was found between the volume of nodular tissue and the degree of hormonal activity of PBMAH. The obtained results emphasize the difficulty in determining clear indications for surgical treatment in the group of patients with MACE. The radicality of proposed surgical procedure should be weighed against its potential complications.

Endogenous hypercorticism (EH) is a severe symptom complex caused by hypercortisolemia; according to the etiology, ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent variants are distinguished, which, according to the literature, occur in 70–80% and 20–30% of cases, respectively. A rare cause of ACTH-dependent endogenous hypercorticism is ACTH-ectopic syndrome (ACTH-ES) (about 15-20% of cases). ACTH-ES is a syndrome of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hyperproduction by neuroendocrine tumors of extrahypophyseal origin. Various tumors can secrete ACTH: bronchopulmonary carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, less frequently, thymus carcinoid, islet cell tumors and pancreatic carcinoid, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors of the intestine, ovaries, as well as pheochromocytoma (PCC).This publication presents a clinical case of rarely detected paraneoplastic ACTH production by pheochromocytoma. The patient had clinical manifestations of hypercorticism, therefore, she applied to the Russian National Research Center of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of Russia. During the examination Cushing’s syndrome (CS) was confirmed, multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the abdominal cavity revealed a voluminous formation of the left adrenal gland. Additional examination recorded a multiple increase in urinary catecholamine levels. Subsequently, the patient underwent left-sided adrenalectomy. The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was confirmed morphologically, immunohistochemical study demonstrated intensive expression of chromogranin A and ACTH by tumor cells.