Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are abnormal dilations of the cerebral vessels, which pose a persistent threat of cerebral hemorrhage. Inflammation is known to contribute to IA development. The nuclear factor “kappa-light-chain-enhancer” of activated B-cells (NF-κB) is the major driver of inflammation. It increases the expression of inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which contribute heavily to the pathogenesis of IAs. NF-κB activation has been linked to IA rupture and resulting subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, NF-κB activation can result in endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the arterial wall, which subsequently leads to the initiation and progression of IAs and consequently results in rupture. After a systematic search, abstract screening, and full-text screening, 30 research articles were included in the review. In this systematic review, we summarized the scientific literature reporting findings on NF-κB’s role in the pathogenesis of IAs. In conclusion, the activation of the NF-κB pathway was associated with IA formation, progression, and rupture.

Background Metabolic imaging technologies such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) fluorescence-guided resection and positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging have improved glioma surgery within the last decade. At present, these tools are not routinely used in meningioma surgery. Objective We present a case of a complex-shaped, recurrent skull base meningioma where 5-ALA fluorescence-guidance and ¹⁸F-fluoroethyltyrosine (FET)-PET-imaging facilitated surgical resection. Material and Methods The patient underwent surgery via a combined transcranial/transnasal endoscopic approach. What was original is that both the microscope and the endoscope were equipped for 5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery, respectively. Furthermore, preoperative FET-PET imaging was fused with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for intraoperative navigation. The case richly illustrated the performance of the different modalities. Conclusions Metabolic imaging tools such as 5-ALA fluorescence-guided resection and navigated FET-PET were helpful for the resection of this complex-shaped, recurrent skull base meningioma. 5-ALA fluorescence was useful to dissect the adherent interface between tumor and brain. Furthermore, it helped to delineate tumor margins in the nasal cavity. FET-PET improved the assessment of bony and dural infiltration. We hypothesize that these imaging technologies may reduce recurrence rates through better visualization of tumor tissue that might be left unintentionally. This has to be verified in larger, prospective trials.